世界十大高楼（4）

(2) Discretionary Accruals/Earnings Management.

* Required Readings

Burgstahler, D. and Ilia D. Dichev, 1997, Earnings Management to Avoid Earnings Decreases and Losses 24.

Collins, D. and P. Hribar, 1999, Errors in Estimating Accruals: Implications for Empirical Research, Working Paper.

Dechow, Patricia, Richard G. Sloan, and Amy P. Sweeney, 1994, Detecting earnings management, The Accounting Review 70, 193-225.

Healy, Paul M. and J. Wahlen, 1999, A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting, working paper.

* Additional Readings

Dechow, P., 1994, Accounting earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: The role of accounting accruals, Journal of Accounting and Economics 18, 3-42.

Guay, Wayne R., S.P. Kothari, Ross, L. Watts, 1996, A market-based evaluation of discretionary-accrual Models, Journal of Accounting Research.

Hansen, Glen A., 1996, Do discretionary accrual proxies measure earnings management?Working paper, University of Rochester.

Kang, S., 1999, Earnings Management to Avoid Losses and Performance of Accrual Prediction Models, working paper.

Kang, S. and K. Sivaramakrishnan, Issues in Testing Earnings Management, Journal of Accounting Research (Spring 1991): 193-228.

Thomas, J. Xiao-jun Zhang, 1999, Identifying unexpected accruals: a comparison of current approaches, working paper.

　(3) Accruals, Earnings Management and Capital Markets

* Required Readings

Tehranian, H. and J.F. Waegelein, 1985, Market reaction to short-term executive compensation plan adoption, Journal of Accounting & Economics 7, 131-134.

Warner, J., 1985, Stock market reaction to management incentive plan adoption: An overview, Journal of Accounting & Economics 7, 145-149.

Warner, J., R. Watts and K. Wruck, 1988, Stock prices and top management changes, Journal of Financial Economics 20, 461-492.

Watts, R.L., and J.L. Zimmerman, 1983, Agency problems, auditing and the theory of the firm: Some evidence, Journal of Law & Economics 26, 613-634.

Watts, R.L. and J.L. Zimmerman, 1986, Compensation plans, debt contracts and accounting procedures, chapter 9 in Positive accounting theory (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).

Weisbach, M., 1988, Outside directors and CEO turnover, Journal of Financial Economics 20, 431-460.

Zimmerman, J.L., 1979, The costs and benefits of cost allocations, Accounting Review 54, 504-521. Erickson M. and S.-w.

Wang, 1999, Earnings management by acquiring firms in stock for stock mergers 27, 149-176.

Kasznik, R., 1999, On the association between voluntary disclosure and earnings management 37, Journal of Accounting Research.

Teoh, S. H., T.J. Wong and G. Rao, 1998, Are Accruals During Initial Public Offerings Opportunistic, Review of Accounting Studies, Vol 3, Nos. 1-2.

* Additional Readings

Skinner, D. and L. Myers, 1999, Earnings momentum and earnings management, working paper. K.R. Subramanyam, 1996, The pricing of discretionary accruals, Journal of Accounting and Economics 22, 249-281