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名词概述
名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等的名称。英语名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词包括:
1. 抽象名词。如:beauty, joy, etc.
2. 物质名词。如:air, soap, beef, etc.
3. 集合名词。如:family, group, team, etc.
4. 个体名词。如:table, man, dog, book, etc.
专有名词包括人名、地名等,如:Tom, Mrs. Smith, China, etc.
二、名词的分类
(一)名词有可数和不可数之分。下面我们来介绍一下:
可数名词如:book,pencil,man等是可数名词。
可数名词由单数变复数形式方法如下:
1.一般在词尾加-s。如:dog-dogs,
house-houses, gram-grams.
2.以-o或-s,-sh, -ch及-x结尾的名词加-es构成其复数形式。如:tomato-tomatoes,
kiss-kisses, watch-watches, box-boxes, bush-bushes.
3.有些以-o结尾,是外来语或缩写名词, 则加-s。如:piano-pianos, dynamo-dynamos,
photo-photos, kimono-kimonos.
4.有些以-o结尾的名词,其-o前是元音字母则加-s。如:studio-studios, radio-radios.
以-oo结尾的名词只加-s。如:zoo-zoos。
5.以-y结尾的名词,且-y前是一个辅音字母,则把-y去掉,加-ies。如:baby-babies,
university-universities, fly-flies, impurity-impurities.
如果以-y结尾的名词,-y前是一个元音字母,则直接加-s。如:boy-boys, donkey-donkeys.
6.以-f或-fe结尾的名词,一般将-f,-fe去掉,加-ves。如:wife-wives, wolf-wolves,
calf-calves.
这类名词还有:life, knife, self, shelf, leaf, thief, sheaf, half等。
名词scarf, wharf, hoof,
handkerchief的复数形式或加-s或去掉-f加-ves,即scarfs或scarves, wharfs或wharves,
hoofs或hooves,
handkerchiefs或handkerchieves。也有些以-f或-fe结尾的名词只加-s。如:cliff-cliffs,
belief-beliefs, safe-safes, roof-roofs,chief- chiefs等。
7.有些名词以改变元音构成其复数形式。如:man-men, woman-women, goose-geese,
foot-feet,
mouse-mice, louse-lice, tooth-teeth等。child的复数为children,
ox的复数为oxen。
8.有些表示生物的名词,其复数形式与单数相同。如:fish-fish, sheep-sheep,
deer-deer。这类名
词还有aircraft, means等。
名词复数的规则变化
___________________________________________________
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
__________________________________________________
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps
2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags
读 /z/; car-cars
___________________________________________________
以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
___________________________________________________
以ce,se,ze,
(d)ge等结尾
的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
___________________________________________________
以辅音字母+y 变y 为i
结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
(二)、不可数名词包括:抽象名词和物质名词两种。如water、juice、hay、
corn......都属于物质名词,一般物质名词我们可以这样理解:凡是颗粒状,流质(面粉/酒/头发/沙子)等,我们都可以归纳为物质名词.通常人们把多的不容易一下数清的细小的都叫不可数名词。
而water、juice、hay、
corn......等是不可数还要在前面加"some",那是因为不可数名词通常要用不定冠词(some/any......)或容器一类的词来修饰(a
bar of /a glass of / a piece of.....)
some 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数.
1)物质名词
Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
2) 抽象名词有时也可数。
four freedoms 四大自由
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
如:
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of advice 一条建议
(三)不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人the an two
Australians Australian Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two
Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two
Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
三、名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's
book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room
男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song
歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's
理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's room(两间) John and Mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。
如:a month or two's absence
作业
选择填空:
1.The deer has four
______.
A. foot
B. feet C. feets
D. foots
2.Her two brothers are both
______.
A. policeman
B. policemans C.
policemen D. policemens
3.There are four _____ and two
______ in the group.
A. Japanese, Germen
B. Japaneses, Germen
C. Japanese, Germans
4.Two ______ would come to the
village.
A. woman-doctors
B. women doctor C.
women doctors D. woman doctors
5.Can you see nine _____ in the
picture?
A. sheep
B. dog C. pig
D. horse
6.The _____ has two
______.
A. boys, watches
B. boy, watch C.
boy, watches D. boys, watch
7.The boy often brushes his _____
before he goes to bed.
A. tooth
B. tooths C. teeth
D. teeths
8.The Japanese ____ will not leave
China until she finishes her study.
A. woman
B. women C. man
D. men
9.There are lots of _____ in the
basket on the table.
A. tomatos
B. tomato C.
tomatoes D. tomatoss
10. The cat caught two ______ last
night.
A. mouses
B. mice C. mouse
D. Mices
参考答案:KEYS:B C
C C A C C A C
B
冠词
1.不定冠词的用法
冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。
不定冠词a (an)与数词one
同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。
1) 表示"一个",意为one,指某人或某物。
A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
2) 代表一类人或物。
A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
3) 词组或成语。
a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many /
many a / in a minute / have a cold / have a try
2.定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1)特指双方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine. 把药吃了。
2)上文提到过的人或事:
He bought a house. I've been to the house.
他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。
3)指世上独一物二的事物:
the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth
4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。
5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面:
Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:
They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)
7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:
She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。
8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the United States 美国
9)用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:
the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
11) 用在惯用语中:
in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after
tomorrow
the day before yesterday, the next morning,
in the sky (water,field,country)
in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,
in the middle (of), in the end,
on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre
3 .零冠词的用法
1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;
2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers. 他们是教师。
3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
The guards took the American to General Lee.
士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess
8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;
10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court
等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
go to hospital 去医院看病
go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
11)不用冠词的序数词;
a. 序数词前有物主代词
b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.
c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first,first of all, from first to
last
4
冠词与形容词+名词结构
1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。
作业
1. (2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题)
About ________ students in our class can
describe that place in English.
A. three-fifths B. three-fifth
C. third-five D. third-fifths
2. (2004年河北省中考试题)
Nine _______ pounds a week? That’s very good.
A. hundred of
B.
hundreds of
C. hundreds
D.
hundred
3. (2004年北京市海淀区中考试题)
We often have sports after class, and I like to play
_______ basketball.
A. a B. an C. the
D. 不填
4. (2004年江西省中考试题)
This is _______ song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it
_______ beautiful one?
A. the; the B. a; a C.
the; a D. a; the
【练习答案】
1.答案:A。该题考查的是分数的表示法。分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示。分子大于1时,分母应加-s,因此应选A。
2.答案:D。该题考查的是数词的用法。Nine
hundred是一个具体的数量,这是数词不能用复数形式,后面也不能加of。所以应选D。
3.
答案:D。该题考查的是冠词的用法。球类运动之前不加冠词,因此应选D。
4.
答案:C。该题考查的是冠词的用法。第一个空是特指,特指我给你说过的那首歌,第二个空是表示某一个类别。所以应选C。
一. .单项填空
1. This morning I had ________ egg and a
bottle of milk for my breakfast.
A. an B. a C. the
D./
2. ---What’s the matter with you?
---I caught ________ bad cold and had
to stay in ________.
A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a
D. the; the
3. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this
morning.
---Is it ________ black one? I think I
saw it somewhere.
A. a; the B. the; the C.
the; a D. a; a
4. _______ sun is shining brightly.
A. A B. An C. The
D. /
5. There is _______ “h” in the word hour.
A. a B. the C. an
D./
6. Did you enjoy your stay in Xian?
Yes. I had _______ wonderful time.
A. a B. an C. the
D. /
7. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth.
A. A; the B. A; an C.
The; an D. The; the
8. There is _______ apple and some pears on the
table.
A. the B./ C. a
D. an
9. David has _______ cat. It’s very nice.
A. a B. an C. the
D./
10. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______
interesting story.
A. a; an B. a; a C. the;
the D. /; an
11. It is said that SARS has killed more than
________ people worldwide.
A. three hundreds B.
three hundreds’
C. three hundred’s D.
three hundred
12. ---How many workers are there in your
factory?
---There are two __________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C.
hundred of D. hundreds of
二. 句子改错:下面各句A, B, C, D中有一处错误,请指出并改正。
1. May is a fifth month
of the year.
A B C
D
2. The film has been on
for half a
hour.
A
B
C
D
3. The boys and the girls often play the
foot ball in the
afternoon.
A
B C
D
4. It looks rain. Why not take a
umbrella with you?
A
B
C
D
5. Li Mei often gives us some good information by
the e-meil.
A
B
C D
6. We’ve planted two hundreds trees in
the centre of our city this year.
A
B
C
D
一. 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.D
9.A 10.A11.D 12.B
二. 1.B a→the 2.D a→an 3.C 去掉the
4.C a→an 5.D去掉the 6.B two hundreds→two hundred