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合同翻译的用词特点(第2部分)

(2021-04-13 11:55:19)
分类: 辞典词汇译法翻译规范
合同翻译的用词特点(第2部分)

 5. 拉丁词 在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见: 比例税额比率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate 从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance 委托代理人:多用agent ad litem 合同传译的熬头步--读懂合同文件

 

  理解法令文件中的专门用语 英语中某些副词如"here""where"在法令文件中往往当作前缀,与另一个词构成法令词汇中的专门用语在法令文件中用这些词,可以避免反复,避免曲解,避免歧义,使行文精确、简练以这类方法构成的词主要有: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto hereunder, hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter; thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc 这些词各有各的寄义,作者只能捡其中几个细说:

  1. Hereby: by means of; by reason ofthis 之意,即特此,是以,兹等意经常使用于法令文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语,在条目中需要夸大时也可用举原文说明,如: The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor(承包人) in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中:

  hereby 意为 by reason of this,特此的意思

  Covenants 是动词,意为make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同

   completion of the Works 是工程的竣工,WorksWork 在工程承包合同文件中常指工程而不是事情之意

   therein意为in the Works在本工程中

  the Contract Price指合同总价,指工程的总造价

   suchas是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限制的词置于such as之间使要限制的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议

   under 意为in accordance with 根据,按照之意,决不能译成"在…….之下"

   the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the contract 合同前提、条目之意在对文中专业性词汇作了诠疑虑消释而心中平静后,就不难理解这一段的寄义了,也就是读懂了于是可以把原文译为: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同总价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,作为本工程动工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的人为

 

  2Hereto: to this,上文已提及的,比如表示"本合同双方"可以说"the Parties hereto",这里的hereto表示"to this Contract" "本协议附件4"可以译为"Appendix 4 hereto",这里的hereto表示"to this Agreement" 读下面的原文,可以进一步理解hereto 在文中的作用 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration(仲裁) to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied. The award(裁决) of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne(bear分词) by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission. 文中:

 

   两次出现的hereto, 都是限制Parties, 表示the Parties to this Contract 本合同的双方

   "the performance of this Contract"履行本合同

  "through amicable negotiations" 经由过程友好协商

  should 表示如果发生什么情况,代替免却的if

  "shall then be submitted for arbitration"应提交进行仲裁

   "the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing" 中国国际经济商业仲裁委员会(BeiJing

   "the arbitration rules of this Commission" 仲裁规则

  "the award of the arbitration: 仲裁裁决

 

  "unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission"仲裁委员会还有裁定的除外 这样,打扫了上述专业词汇的停滞,可把原文译为:对因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济商业仲裁委员会(BeiJing),依据仲裁规则仲裁仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方都有约束力仲裁费用应由诉讼失败方承担,但仲裁委员会还有裁定的除外

 

  3Herein: in this 此中,于此表示上文已提及的….,如遇到"本合同(中)的….""本法(中)的……"等行文时,用该词比如,"本法(中)所称的不正当竞争,…."可以译为"unfair competition mentioned herein.此中的herein 意为"in this law" 又如"本协议(中)的内部实质意义",可译为"the contents herein",此中的herein 意为" in this Agreement".

 

  看下面两段文字,可以加大深度领会herein及其它几个专门用语Unfair competition mentioned in this law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order. Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereinafter called Goods including services). 注:上文中出现了3个法令文件中的专门用语:hereof: of this 关于此点在这篇文章件中之意,表示在上文已提及的出现本合同的….."这篇文章件的……"时,使用该词如"本合同前提,条目……"可译为 "the terms, conditions and provisions hereof.."此中的hereof表示"of this Contract";又如"本工程的任何部分"可译为"any parts hereof", 此中的hereof 意为"of this Works". 文中:

  "hereof 意为the provisions of this law

   herein, 在文中的意思是(Business operators mentionedin this law

   hereinafterlater in the sameContract,以下;在下文,一般与to be referred to as; referred to as; called 等词或词组连用,以避免反复

   unfair competition 不正当竞争

   mentioned in this law: 本法所称

   contravene the provisions hereof: 违反本法规定

damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators: 损害其它谋划者的合法权益

 

   disturb the socio-economic order:拢乱社会形态经济秩序 原文可译为: 本法所称的不正当竞争,是指谋划者违反本法规定,损害其它谋划者的合法权益,侵扰社会形态经济秩序的举动本法所称的谋划者,是指从事商品谋划或营利性服务(以下所称商品包孕服务)的法人、其它生产合作社以及小我私人

 

  4Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect. 在那里;在那点上,在那方面等之意,表示上文已提及的,"合同中的……..""工程中的……."等可用此词如"修补工程中的缺陷",可以译为"the remedying of any defects therein", 此中的therein 表示" in the Works"; 又如"用于工程中的材料或机械设备"可译为"materials or plant for incorporation therein" 此中的therein 也表示" in the Works" 现用一小段原文来加强therein这个字的印象: "Temporary Works" means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor''s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. 文中:

 

  therein是指in the Works 工程中的

   Temporary Works: 姑且性工程,是指为永久性工程服务的工程,永久性工程建成后应予以拆除制作姑且工程的费用,按国际FIDIC 合同前提规定,应由承包人卖力

 

   Defects:缺陷,指工程动工出现的问题,即工程本身存在的问题,而不是因业主使用不当造成的

 

   The execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein: 工程动工、竣工以及修补工程中任何缺陷请注重原文中的两个and的译法一般一项工程分为两个阶段:熬头阶段包孕工程设计、动工、竣工;第二阶段是修补工程缺陷由此可见,熬头个and是指熬头阶段的两个工程步伐,第二and是为了区别工程的两个阶段,用词、布局无误,抒发意思明确这段原文可译为: 姑且工程是指在工程动工、竣工以及修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与有关的所有各种姑且工程,(但承包人的设备除外)

 

  5Whereas: considering that, 鉴于,就……而论(法令用语)此词经常使用于合同,协议书的开头段落,引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据

 

  请看下面的三小段:Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the right to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology; Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products; The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 文中:

 

  两个whereas都作"鉴于"

   to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of patented Technology: 将专利技术的合同产物的使用权、打造权以及销售权给以甲方

 

   The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract: 双方授权代表

 

   Under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 就以下条目 消弭了这些专门词汇的拦路虎然后,原文即可译成:鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产物的使用权、打造权以及销售权给以甲方; 鉴于甲方希望哄骗乙方的专利技术打造并销售合同的产物; 双方授权代表经友好协商,同意就以下条目签订本合同:为了维护法令的权威性,在拟订合同法时常常使用这些日常平凡罕见的、法令文件中专用的正式词汇,是以在阅览或传译或拟订合同时,必须学会运用、处理这些词汇

 

  二 合同中经常使用的专门用词及词组

  1.关于shallshould shall在合同文件中是使用频率最高的词,在合同文件中shall表示强制性承担法令或合同所规定的义务,在抒发"应该""必须"做某事时,应用"shall"而不能用" must""should",但有时可用"will",力度比shall Should在法令文件中往往作"if"解,只表示"如果"之意 如: The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting. 文中:

 

   两个shall,都表示有责任做,应该做之意

 

   Should: If 表示如果

 

   board meeting:董事会集会

 

   preside over:主持 原文可译为: 董事会集会应由董事长召集、主持;如董事长没有到,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持

 

  2. Unless otherwise: 除外比 "if not"以及"otherwise"抒发正式 该词由两个同义词" unless" 以及"otherwise"组成,otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词限制,意为:除非另…….:如"除非合同还有规定"可译为"unless otherwise specified in the Contract", 又如"除非信用证还有规定"可译为" unless otherwise specified in the Letter of Credit." 如:These articles shall apply to documentary credits(跟单信用证), including stand by letters of credit(备用信用证), to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on(有约束力的) the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto. 文中:

 

   unless otherwise,表示除非合同双方还有约定

 

   these articles 指本条文 apply to 合用,合用于,

 

   in question: under consideration; being discussed about "在考虑中的或群情中的"某事、某问题,可译成"""", 比如"该事项", 可译为"the matter in question",这是合同中长用的专业词组 比如: Party A agrees to acquire from Party B and Party B agrees to transfer to Party A the Patented Technology for contract Products. The Patented Technology in question shall be the same technology as the technology of Party B''s latest products. 文中的the Patented Technology in question 是指前句中的the Patented Technology, 用了in question 就能够省略"在前句中的……"这样一句话,十分简捷鲜明 例句可译为:甲方同意从乙方获得乙方同意向甲方转让的合同产物的专利技术这类技术应与乙方最新产物的技术完全一致

 

   Shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract: 对合同各有关方面均具备约束力 原文可译为: 本条文合用于一切跟单信用证,并包孕在其合用范围内的备用信用证,对合同各有关方面均具备约束力,除非还有约定

 

  3. In accordance with: under; pursuant to 这三个词组都作"根据""按照"解,是法令文件中经常使用的词组,比according to 正式试着看看例文: 1 On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 文中:

 

   in accordance with the date of shipment:根据装运日期

 

   FOB= Free on board: 船上交货按照19999月国际商会公布的《2000年国际商业术语诠释通则》的规定,接纳此术语,卖方将货物在合同指定的装运港装到买方的船上,即完成交货卖方承担货物越过船舷以前的危害以及费用;买方承担其后的危害以及费用接纳此术语时,在FOB 后面常要注明装运港名称,如FOB Shanghai.

 

   book shipping space: 洽定舱位 原文可译为: 按照FOB前提,由买方卖力根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位 注重:文中的买方或卖方,为合同的专门词汇,都要大写中译英时需注重这一点例2 When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company''s net assets. 文中:

  under the laws:依法,按照法令

  a limited liability company:有限责任公司

  a company limited by shares: 股份有限公司

  be equivalent to : 相称,相当于

  the amount of the company''s net assets: 公司净资产额 原文则可译为: 有限责任公司依法经核准变动为股份有限公司时,折合的股份总额该当相称于公司净资产额

 

  4. Provided that: 但规定,规定;但是,等意对合同的某一条目需要作进一步规定时或在作规定时语气迁移转变时经常使用此词组在中译英时,要学会使用此词组,有时中文字面儿上并未见"但规定",或"进一步规定"的字辞,但内含此义,可先将中文作"语内译",若含有上述两义,应运用"provided that" 词组例: An irrevocable credit(不成打消信用证) shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made. 文中:

 

  provided that对信用证的承诺性作了进一步规定

 

  be deemed 被认为,被称为,视为等,是法令文件中的正式用语,比" be believed; be considered"正式如: In the absence of such indication, the credit shall be deemed to be revocable.可译为:如无该项表示,信用证应视作是可打消的

 

  shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank: 应被子认为构成开证行简直定承诺

 

  Irrevocable revocable 加否定前缀构成,不成打消之意

 

  The credit provides for sight payment:即期付款信用证 原文可译为: 不成打消信用证,应被认为构成开证行的规定承诺(但规定)如提交了规定的票据并符合信用证条目,并系即期付款信用证时,则进行付款或保证该款的照付

 

  除上述法令文件中经常使用词组外,还有若干,如in respect of; in respect thereof (关于上文已提及的事项);in the event of , in the event that ( 如果;如果……..发生,比when正式)in case, in (the ) case of (如果;万一,一旦,)be liable for; be liable to ( 应付有责任)in Testimony whereof: in Witness whereof (以资为证,挺拔此证); know all Men by these presents (根据这篇文章件;特此宣布);undersigned: (法令文件末梢的署名者,若前有定冠词the,是指文件签订者的自称;now therefore, (特此;是以,一般与whereas 连用,其后边常跟hereby. 译成"""特此")由于篇幅之限,就纷歧一细述了

 

  三 读懂合同的法令文件的句子布局

 

  合同文件及其它法令文件中的英文句子具备布局严谨、句式较长的独特的地方,这是为了使抒发的内部实质意义精确、严紧、清楚、易解(无歧意)而特别设定的句式其中主要是状语的定位问题,主句的状语以及从句的状语都各居各位,也是为了不与定语相混淆认真研究句构,掌握其中的规律,无论是中译英,还是英译中,或是拟草条目,都能驾轻就熟

 

1 主句中的状语位置 由于法令的语言独特的地方,法令文件中的英语句子的状语有其自己的规则,其位置与基础英语中的频度副词(如often, sometime, never等)的位置不异,一般放在助动词然后,举动动词之前比如复合句,主句的状语位置应放在shall然后,动词之前,如:在讲解hereto这个问题时举的例句中,就有through amicable negotiations这个状语短语插入到shall be settled之间,修饰be settled 又如:

 The securities regulatory authorities under the State Council shall, in accordance with law, implement centralized and unified regulation and supervision of the securities market nationwide. The securities regulatory authorities under the State Council may, where necessary, establish agencies that shall perform the regulatory functions as authorized.

国务院证券监督办理机构依法对天下证券市场实行集中统一监督办理国务院证券监督办理机构根据需要可以设立派出机构,按照授权履行监督办理职责

 

如果把熬头句中的插入状语移动到句末,即nationwide然后就有可能把其曲解成market nationwide的定语或是状语,但修饰动词implement的势力很弱,可用一个很简单的例子来说明这一点,如: I fed the white dog there. There 放在句末就有可能产生两种句意: 其一:I fed the white dog which was there. 其二:In that place I fed the white dog. 是以为了避免发生这样的歧义,使抒发的意思精确,主句的状语便牢牢地设定在shall然后,举动动词之前,以最近路的办法限制动词,避免曲解第二句中的where necessary, 以同样的原理,设定在may establish之间

 

2.状语在从句中的位置 法令文件,合同文件中常经常使用复合句,从句中的状语与主句中的状语应各有其位,不能互相混淆,分辩不清、产生歧义,造成合同双方争议,是以从句中的状语通常都锁定在从句之内,状语一般开门见山,放在从句连接词(when, if )然后,从句主体句之前,经常使用逗号分开,以示其是插入的状语如: Where, through securities trading at a stock exchange, an investor comes to hold 5 percent of shares issued by a listed company, the investor shall, within three days from the date on which such share holding becomes a fact, submit a written report to the Securities Regulatory Authorities under the State Council and the Stock Exchange, notify the listed company and make the fact known to the public.

经由过程证券交易所的证券交易,投资者保有一个上市公司已刊行的股份的百分之五时,该当在该事实发生之日起三日内向国务院证券监督办理机构、证券交易所作出版面报告,报信该上市公司,并予以公告

 

这个句子较长,主要是由于插入的状语、定语及状语从句造成的,where指导的状语从句中又插入了一个状语短语,其位置就在连接词where然后,从句主体句之前,即an investor 之前:这个词组是修饰investor comes to hold 的方式状语,若把这个词组放到从句然后,或主句然后都是产生歧义曲解的因素此句的主句中在shall然后也插入一个状语短语within three days from the date, 后又接一个定语从句修饰date 直至a fact, submit是主句谓语动词与shall 相配,别的还有两个与之并列的两个谓语动词及其宾语 云云解读后,句中的状语短语及状语从句都一目了然

 

3 状语从句的简略形式在句中的位置 状语从句的简略形式应插入主句,其位置等同于主句中状语短语的位置在shall然后,举动动词之前如 The Borrower shall, if required, reimburse the Agent or the Bank in question the same amount of such taxes, duties, levies, penalties or interests as are paid by the Agent or the Bank.

如果代理行或任何银行支付了任何上述税款、罚金以及利息,则借款人一经要求即应如数补偿代理行或该行

 

 此原文中的"if required" 一经要求,是if 状从的省略式,插入主句之中,文中的such..as是定从的关系代词,以这类方式把它从所要修饰限制的词锁定,如果用which that修饰,就会发生歧义,which that限制的是interests还是上述五个名词,用such……as就避免了这样的歧义发生 读懂合同、法令文件是传译合同文件的基础,以上所读是作者最近十几年来的研究成果,有希望与同行共习之


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