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 FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE  2021 Edition

部分内容如下：

Rule 613 – Witness’s Prior Statement  规则613 证人的先前陈述

(a) Showing or Disclosing the Statement During Examination. When examining a witness about the witness’s prior statement, a party need not show it or disclose its contents to the witness. But the party must, on request, show it or disclose its contents to an adverse party’s attorney.

（a）在询问过程中出示或披露陈述。在就证人所作的先前陈述而对证人进行询问之时，当事人无需向证人出示该陈述或者向其披露该陈述的内容。但是根据请求，该当事人必须向对方当事人的律师出示该陈述或披露该陈述的内容。

 

(b) Extrinsic Evidence of a Prior Inconsistent Statement. Extrinsic evidence of a witness’s prior inconsistent statement is admissible only if the witness is given an opportunity to explain or deny the statement and an adverse party is given an opportunity to examine the witness about it, or if justice so requires. This subdivision (b) does not apply to an opposing party’s statement under Rule 801(d)(2).

（b）先前不一致陈述的外部证据。只有在为证人提供了对先前不一致陈述予以解释或者予以否定的机会，并且为对方当事人提供了就此询问该证人的机会的情况下，或者为了正义所要求的情况下，证人先前不一致陈述的外部证据才可采。（b）款并不适用于规则801（d）（2）所规定的对方当事人的陈述。

 

Rule 614 – Court’s Calling or Examining a Witness  规则 614法院传唤或者询问证人

(a) Calling. The court may call a witness on its own or at a party’s request. Each party is entitled to cross-examine the witness.

(b) Examining. The court may examine a witness regardless of who calls the witness.

(c) Objections. A party may object to the court’s calling or examining a witness either at that time or at the next opportunity when the jury is not present.

（a）传唤。法院可以自行或者根据当事人的请求传唤证人。所有的当事人都有权对该证人进行交叉询问。

（b）询问。无论是谁传唤的证人，法院都可以询问。

（c）异议。对于法院传唤或则会询问证人，当事人可以在当时或则会在陪审团不在场的下一个机会提出异议。

 

Rule 615 – Excluding Witnesses  规则615 证人退庭

At a party’s request, the court must order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear other witnesses’ testimony. Or the court may do so on its own. But this rule does not authorize excluding:

根据当事人的要求，法院必须命令证人退庭，以使他们不能听到其他证人的证言。法院可以依职权作出该命令。本规则并不要求下列人员退庭：

 

(a) a party who is a natural person;

(b) an officer or employee of a party that is not a natural person, after being designated as the party’s representative by its attorney;

(c) a person whose presence a party shows to be essential to presenting the party’s claim or defense; or

(d) a person authorized by statute to be present.

（a）属自然人的当事人呢；

（b）非自然人当事人的律师指定为该当事人代表的该当事人的职员或者雇员；

（c）经一方当事人表明其在庭对于提出该当事人的起诉或者辩护而言很重要的人；或者

（d）制定法授权在场的人。

 

ARTICLE VII. OPINIONS AND EXPERT TESTIMONY  第七章 意见与专家证言

Rule 701 – Opinion Testimony by Lay Witnesses  规则701  外行证人的意见证言

If a witness is not testifying as an expert, testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is:

(a) rationally based on the witness’s perception;

(b) helpful to clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue; and

(c) not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.

如果证人不是作为专家而作证，其以意见形式作出的证言限于如下意见：

（a）合理地基于该证人的知觉；

（b）有助于对证人证言的清晰理解或者确定争议事实；并且

（c）不是基于规则702范围内的科学、技术或者其他专门知识。

 

Rule 702 – Testimony by Expert Witnesses  规则702 专家证人证言

A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:

在下列情况下，因知识、技能、经验、训练或者教育而具备专家资格的证人，可以以意见或者其他的形式就此作证：

 

(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;

(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;

(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and

(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.

（a）专家的科学、技术或者其他专门知识将会帮助事实审判者理解证据或者确定争议事实；

（b）证言基于足够的事实或者数据；

（c）证言是可靠地原理和方法的产物；以及

（d）专家将这些原理和方法可靠地适用于案件的事实。

 

Rule 703 – Bases of an Expert’s Opinion Testimony  规则703 专家意见证言的基础

An expert may base an opinion on facts or data in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed. If experts in the particular field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on the subject, they need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted. But if the facts or data would otherwise be inadmissible, the proponent of the opinion may disclose them to the jury only if their probative value in helping the jury evaluate the opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect.

专家意见所依据的事实或者数据，可以是该专家意识到或者亲身观察到的案件中的事实或者数据。如果特定领域的专家就某事项形成意见时将合理依赖那类事实或者数据，则该事实或者数据不需要具有可采性来使该意见被采纳。但是如果事实或者数据本来不可采，则只有在法院确定其在帮助陪审团评价意见方面的证明价值严重超过了其损害效果的情况下，意见提出者才可以将其披露给陪审团。

 

Rule 704 – Opinion on an Ultimate Issue  规则704 关于最终争点的意见

(a) In General — Not Automatically Objectionable. An opinion is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate issue.

(b) Exception. In a criminal case, an expert witness must not state an opinion about whether the defendant did or did not have a mental state or condition that constitutes an element of the crime charged or of a defense. Those matters are for the trier of fact alone.

（a）总则—不自动收到异议。意见并不仅仅因其包含有最终争点而受到异议。

（b）例外。在刑事案件中，专家证人不得就被告是否具有构成被指控犯罪因素或者辩护因素的精神状态或者状况陈述意见。这些事项仅由事实审判者认定。

 

Rule 705 – Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert’s Opinion

规则705 专家意见所依据的事实或者数据的披露

 

Unless the court orders otherwise, an expert may state an opinion — and give the reasons for it — without first testifying to the underlying facts or data. But the expert may be required to disclose those facts or data on cross-examination.

除非法院另有指令，专家可以陈述意见，并说明作出该意见的理由，而不需要首先就所依据的事实或者数据作证。但是在交叉询问中，可以要求专家披露这些事实或者数据。

 

Rule 706 – Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses  规则706  法院指定的专家证人

(a) Appointment Process. On a party’s motion or on its own, the court may order the parties to show cause why expert witnesses should not be appointed and may ask the parties to submit nominations. The court may appoint any expert that the parties agree on and any of its own choosing. But the court may only appoint someone who consents to act.

（a）指定程序。法院可以根据当事人的动议或者自行决定，命令当事人说明为什么不应当指定专家证人的理由，并可以要求各方当事人提出提名。法院可以指定经各方当事人的同意的任何专家证人，也可以指定自行选择的专家证人。但是法院只能指定同意充任专家证人的人。

 

(b) Expert’s Role. The court must inform the expert of the expert’s duties. The court may do so in writing and have a copy filed with the clerk or may do so orally at a conference in which the parties have an opportunity to participate. The expert:

（b）专家的角色。法院必须告知专家职责。法院可以以书面形式进行该告知并将该通知复制件交法院书记官存档，或者在所有当事人都有机会参加的会议上口头告知上述职责。该专家：

 

(1) must advise the parties of any findings the expert makes;

(2) may be deposed by any party;

(3) may be called to testify by the court or any party; and

(4) may be cross-examined by any party, including the party that called the expert.

（1）必须就专家做出的任何研究结果告知当事人；

（2）可以为任何当事人所进行证言存录；

（3）可以为法院或者任何当事人传唤作证；以及

（4）可以为任何当事人交叉询问，包括传唤该专家的当事人。

 

(c) Compensation. The expert is entitled to a reasonable compensation, as set by the court. The compensation is payable as follows:

(1) in a criminal case or in a civil case involving just compensation under the Fifth Amendment, from any funds that are provided by law; and

(2) in any other civil case, by the parties in the proportion and at the time that the court directs — and the compensation is then charged like other costs.

（c）报偿。专家证人有权取得法院确定的合理报偿。该报偿的支付如下：

（1）在刑事案件和涉及宪法第五修正案规定的合理报偿的民事案件中，由法律规定的资金支付；以及

（2）在其他民事案件中，由当事人依法院规定的比例和时间支付，其支付方式与其他费用的支付方式相同。

 

(d) Disclosing the Appointment to the Jury. The court may authorize disclosure to the jury that the court appointed the expert.

(e) Parties’ Choice of Their Own Experts. This rule does not limit a party in calling its own experts.

（d）就指定对陪审团进行披露。法院可以就法院指定专家授权向陪审团进行披露。

（e）当事人选择自己的专家。本条规则并不限制当事人传唤其自己的专家。

 

ARTICLE VIII. HEARSAY  第八章 传闻

Rule 801- Definitions That Apply to This Article; Exclusions from Hearsay

规则801  适用于本章的定义；传闻排除

 

The following definitions apply under this article:

(a) Statement. “Statement” means a person’s oral assertion, written assertion, or nonverbal conduct, if the person intended it as an assertion.

(b) Declarant. “Declarant” means the person who made the statement.

(c) Hearsay. “Hearsay” means a statement that:

（a）陈述。“陈述”是指一个人口头主张、书面主张或者该人意图为一项主张的非言语行为。

（b）陈述人。“陈述人”是指作出陈述的人。

（c）传闻。“传闻”是指这样的陈述：