3.2.8 (Third persons)

(1) Where fraud, threat, gross disparity or a party’s mistake is imputable to, or is known or ought to be known by, a third person for whose acts the other party is responsible, the contract may be avoided under the same conditions as if the behaviour or knowledge had been that of the party itself.

第3.2.8条（第三人）

（1）如果欺诈、胁迫、重大失衡或一方当事人的错误可归因于某第三人，或者该第三人知道或应当知道这些情况，而该第三人的行为由另一方当事人负责，则可按如同该另一方当事人本身之行为或知悉的相同条件，宣告该合同无效。

 

(2) Where fraud, threat or gross disparity is imputable to a third person for whose acts the other party is not responsible, the contract may be avoided if that party knew or ought to have known of the fraud, threat or disparity, or has not at the time of avoidance reasonably acted in reliance on the contract.

（2）如果欺诈、胁迫或重大失衡可归因于第三人，而该第三人的行为不由另一方当事人负责，则若该另一方当事人知道或理应知道此欺诈、胁迫或重大失衡，或在宣告合同无效时尚未信赖该合同而合理行事，该合同可被宣告无效。

 

 3.2.9  (Confirmation) 第3.2.9条（确认）

the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded.

有权宣告合同无效的一方当事人如果在应该发出合同无效通知的期间开始计算后，明示或默示地确认合同，则该方当事人不得再宣告合同无效。

 

 3.2.10 (Loss of right to avoid)

(1) If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance, the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has reasonably acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance.

 

(2) After such a declaration or performance the right to avoidance is lost and any earlier notice of avoidance is ineffective.

第3.2.10条（宣告无效权的丧失）

（1）如果一方当事人有权以错误为由宣告合同无效，而另一方当事人声明将愿意或他已实际按照有权宣告合同无效的一方当事人对合同的理解履行合同，则该合同应视为按照宣告合同无效的一方当事人的理解订立。另一方当事人必须在收到有权宣告合同无效一方当事人对合同的理解方式的通知后，且在该方当事人依赖宣告合同无效通知合理行事之前，立即作出此种声明或进行此种履行。

 

（2）做出此种声明或履行之后，宣告合同无效的权利即行丧失，任何以前宣告合同无效的通知均丧失效力。

 

 3.2.11 (Notice of avoidance) 第3.2.11条（宣告合同无效的通知）

right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.

一方当事人通过向另一方当事人发出通知来行使其宣告合同无效的权利。

 

 3.2.12  (Time limits)

(1) Notice of avoidance shall be given within a reasonable time, having regard to the circumstances, after the avoiding party knew or could not have been unaware of the relevant facts or became capable of acting freely.

 

(2) Where an individual term of the contract may be avoided by a party under Article 3.2.7, the period of time for giving notice of avoidance begins to run when that term is asserted by the other party.

第3.2.12条（时间期限）

（1）宣告合同无效的通知，应在宣告合同无效的一方当事人已知或不可能不知道有关事实之后，或者在其可以自由行事之后，考虑到相关情况，在合理时间内做出。

（2）如果一方当事人根据第3.2.7条的规定有权宣告合同中的个别条款无效，则发出宣告无效通知的期限自另一方当事人主张该条款之时起算。

 

 3.2.13 (Partial avoidance)

a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract, the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless, having regard to the circumstances, it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract.

第3.2.13条（部分无效）

如果宣告合同无效的理由仅影响合同的个别条款，则宣告合同无效的效力仅限于这些条款，除非考虑到相关情况，维持合同的其余部分是不合理的。

 

 3.2.14 (Retroactive effect of avoidance) 第3.2.14条（宣告合同无效的追溯力）

takes effect retroactively.  宣告合同无效具有追溯力。

 

3.2.15 (Restitution) 第3.2.15条（恢复原状）

(1)  On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract, or the part of it avoided, provided that the party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract, or the part of it avoided.

（1）宣告合同无效后，任何一方当事人均可要求返还其根据已被宣告无效或部分被宣告无效的合同已提供的一切，但要以该方当事人也同时返还其根据已被宣告无效或部分被宣告无效的合同已得到的一切为条件。

 

(2)  If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate, an allowance has to be made in money whenever reasonable.

 

(3) The recipient of the performance does not have to make an allowance in money if the impossibility to make restitution in kind is attributable to the other party.

 

(4) Compensation may be claimed for expenses reasonably required to preserve or maintain the performance received.

（2）如果返还实物不可能或不适当，只要合理，应折价补偿。

（3）如果不能进行实物返还之原因归咎于对方当事人，则接收履行的当事人无须折价补偿。

（4）对于为保存或维护已接收的履行而合理发生的费用，可请求赔偿。

 

 3.2.16 (Damages) 第3.2.16条（损害赔偿）

of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract.

无论是否宣告合同无效，已知或应该知道合同无效原因的一方当事人应承担损害赔偿的责任，以使另一方当事人处于如同其未订立合同时所应处的状况。

 

 3.2.17 (Unilateral declarations) 第3.2.17条（单方声明）

provisions of this Chapter apply with appropriate adaptations to any commu-nication of intention addressed by one party to the other.

本章各项规定经适当调整后，亦适用于一方当事人向另一方当事人传达的任何意思表示。

 

 3: ILLEGALITY 第三节 违法

 3.3.1 (Contracts infringing mandatory rules) 第3.3.1条（违反强制性规则之合同）

(1)  Where a contract infringes a mandatory rule, whether of national, international or supranational origin, applicable under Article 1.4 of these Principles, the effects of that infringement upon the contract are the effects, if any, expressly prescribed by that mandatory rule.

 

(2)  Where the mandatory rule does not expressly prescribe the effects of an infringement upon a contract, the parties have the right to exercise such remedies under the contract as in the circumstances are reasonable.

（1）如果合同违反了依本通则第1.4条所适用的强制性规则，无论其是源于一国的、国际的，还是超国家的，当该强制性规则对违反行为于合同效力有明确规定时，从其规定。

 

（2）当强制性规则未对违反行为于合同效力做出明示规定时，当事人有权依据合同，按合理的情况行使救济。

 

(3)  In determining what is reasonable regard is to be had in particular to:

 

(a) the purpose of the rule which has been infringed;

 

(b) the category of persons for whose protection the rule exists;

 

(c) any sanction that may be imposed under the rule infringed;

 

(d) the seriousness of the infringement;

 

(e) whether one or both parties knew or ought to have known of the infringement;  (f) whether the performance of the contract necessitates the infringement; and (g) the parties’ reasonable expectations.

（3）在确定何谓合理时，尤其应考虑以下各项因素：

（a）被违反之规则的宗旨；

（b）该规则旨在保护的人群之类别；

（c）依被违反之规则可以施加的制裁措施；

（d）违反的严重程度；

（e）当事人一方或双方是否知道或应该知道该项违反；

（f）是否合同的履行必然导致该违反行为；而且

（g）当事人的合理期待。

 

 3.3.2 (Restitution) 第3.3.2条（恢复原状）

(1)  Where there has been performance under a contract infringing a mandatory rule under Article 3.3.1, restitution may be granted where this would be reasonable in the circumstances.

 

(2)  In determining what is reasonable, regard is to be had, with the appropriate adaptations, to the criteria referred to in Article 3.3.1(3).