详解2007年考研英语阅读理解B(新题型部分)
西安新东方学校 贺莺
2007年大纲对新题型部分即阅读理解Part
B部分给出的四种备选题型:
题型1:填空式阅读:
题型2:排序题:
题型3:信息匹配题:
题型 4:概括大意题:
四种题型中,“排序题”为广为争议的题目,因为题目本身设计的问题,导致考生会出现要么全对,要么全错的情况,对于考试的区分度和信度产生不良影响。而“信息匹配题”,要求将主题句与推展句匹配,由于单纯考察语篇一致原则中的“导向一致”原则,对于语篇衔接原则未加考察,难度系数过低,覆盖面偏小。所以我们考前曾经推测,今年只可能考察两种题型,填空式阅读和概括大意题。填空式阅读题目设计比较成熟,具有相当的难度,极有可能出现。而因为已经考过两年,所以概括大意题作为一种备选题目出现。
概括大意题选自雅思考试的小标题题目,其难度在于:小标题往往是对段落高屋建瓴的概括总结,而非论点的简单重复。另外,在雅思考试中这种题目的难度在于干扰项数目较多,可以说相互近似的干扰项越多,这种题目的难度系数就越大。所以教育部此次在大纲样题的基础上,把6选5改为7选5,就是为了弥补6选5概括大意题难度系数先天不足的问题。但是,尽管如此,与往年的填空式阅读相比,与同年其他题目相比,这道题依然是一道送分的考题,考生往往在7分钟左右就可以完成,并且拿到至少6-8分。
概括大意题的做题步骤是首先在6-7个小标题中寻找重复出现两次以上的词,如果有,即为全文主旨词。而考题中的7个选项中出现5次“kids”,
加上全文标题为“how can a parent help?”,
故文章旨在探讨家长如何对子女进行家教的问题。
接下来,我们对7个选项小标题进行精读,划出其中关键词。
A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids
以身作则
B. Build Your Kid’s Work Skills
培养孩子的工作技能
C. Place Time Limits on Leisure
Activities
限制娱乐活动时间
D. Talk about the Future on a Regular
Basis
定期探讨未来
E. Help Kids Develop Coping
Strategies
培养解决问题的技能
F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
帮助孩子认识自我
G. Build Your Kid’s Sense of
Responsibility
培养责任感
接下来开始阅读各段,按照段落顺序做题,看一段选择一个小标题。注意“原词复现”协助迅速定位,和使用“近义替换”,“同义解释”原则最终确定小标题。
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You can
start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review
their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together
on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or
collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep
coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit
them best.
这段话,谈到家长们应当帮助孩子认识自我,从而让孩子在未来职业选择中扬长避短。扫读首尾关键词:找到了“要定期帮助孩子发现自己的优缺点”(review
their emerging strengths and
weaknesses),以及“确定兴趣所在”(identify
interest)。根据“同义解释”原则,这也就是要帮助孩子“正确认识自我”,即选项F中的“figure
out who they are”。
42.
Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to
members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have
regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and
how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your
own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their
own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be
discouraged from saying “I have no ideas.” They can change their
minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of
little good.
这段话谈到榜样的力量是无穷的(role
models),而最好的榜样是自己身边熟悉的人。父母亲经常在餐桌上谈谈熟人的成长历程,分享自己工作中的成败得失,可以鼓励孩子对自己的未来早作打算。孩子可以今天想干这个,明天想干那个,但不能不知道自己未来想做什么。
这道题按照关键词定位,容易在看到“role models”后,匆忙定位到A. Set
a Good Example for your kids。同学们认为“good
example”不就是“role
models”吗?这里要注意标题题目做题的大忌,即单纯按照某个重复出现的词或其同义词定位。注意定位一定要有段落主题的支持。另外,仔细想想:set
a good example中是单数a good example,
按照意思其实是说家长自己以身作则,而42段落中a range of authentic
role
models是复数,一系列的榜样呢,所以语法上来讲也可以排除掉干扰项A。
这道题在首句定位失败后,自然转向论点句高频出现的第二、第三区域,即尾句和二句。在这两句中看到了regular...discussion...future等关键词,正好对应选项D中的talk
about the future on a regular
basis。按照中国同学的思维习惯,这个标题难免有点差强人意,原文中的role
model没有涵盖进去嘛!但这就是雅思考试的小标题命题思路 –
高屋建瓴,但不求全责备。
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Teachers are
responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be
responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities
around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.
Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of
practice delaying gratification and deploying effective
organizational skills, such as managing time and setting
priorities.
这段话谈到:师者传道,父母授业。老师教会孩子如何学习,父母教会孩子如何工作。西方教育提倡孩子早早打工,培养工作能力。
这段话标志词、主题非常明显,且与选项高度一致,teaching them how to
work...skills等词,与选项B中build...work skills吻合。
44.
Playing video games encourages immediate
content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only
teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same
time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for
long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead
of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the
growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it
difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration
they need for most jobs.
这段话的主旨句在尾句:“上述行为不利于交流和思维能力的培养,从而对未来职业发展产生不良影响。”
扫读前两句可见,所谓“all these activities”指“video games”
(打电游)和 “watching
TV”(看电视),根据上下义包容关系词替换,就是选项C中的“leisure
activities”(娱乐活动)。
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They should
know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of
inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and
resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically.
Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and
help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
本段话开门见山地指出:孩子们应该学会面对逆境,处理争执,解决问题。
根据deal with以及solve,
resolve的近义词coping选定选项E。所谓“coping
strategy”(应对策略)不就是处理问题的能力吗?
综上分析,可见,07年概括大意题,尽管成为7选5,但难度系数依然不大,同学们通过原词、近义词、上下义,同义解释等复现关系可以从容地做对大多数题目。