第二节：概要写作（满分25分）
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most
people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about
attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that
dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical
opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up
the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in
public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses
in his kingdom. So did the king of Englandin
1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor
inEuropelived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of
France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken
a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the
nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was
long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor
ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away
dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are
practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards
of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II.
Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter
than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for
dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.
Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off
touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of
disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist
(免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a
strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some
ground.
One possible
version：
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our
skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European
countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from
getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their
attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that
washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点 3) However, some
scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune
system. (要点 4)
【范文点拨】
(一)要点分析
1.
文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about
attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes
towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes
towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions
towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。
2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on
the skin was a means to block out
disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of
dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice
neighbor ever since 18
century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “For a long
time in history, people of some European countries, such as France,
believed that dirt protected people from getting
ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
3.
第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century. Scientifically
speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to
health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the
idea…可得出要点3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt
about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off
our body can keep us healthy.”
4.
文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the
contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However,
some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our
immune system.”表达很恰切。
(二)
要点连接
文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。
(三)
关键词汇
第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的)
第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开),
upon (……之后；立即) 第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the
idea (说服某人接收某个观点) 第四段：warn off (警告某人不要靠近),
position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)
以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。
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