阅读理解中主旨大意题干扰项的特点

佛山市顺德区桂洲中学  蒋开杰

任何一段独立完整的材料都会有其主旨大意。有时从开头就可以看出作者希望读者通过阅读本材料了解些什么；有时则需要从文章的字里行间中推断出来。这类试题主要考查考生领会文章大意和归纳、概括的能力。它可以是测试整篇文章的大意，也可以测试某一个段落的大意。

高考阅读理解中的主旨大意题包括主题（topic、subject、main idea、general idea）型和标题（title）型两类。

在做主题型试题时，可先寻找主题句。一般情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头或结尾。但有时也可能不会出现主题句，需要读者自己去概括或归纳。

在确定文章的标题(title)的时候，我们要以文章的中心为依托。但应注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于标题。文章的中心较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通常情况下较为简明，而且通常是名词或名词短语。

本文着重探讨主旨大意题干扰项的特点。

我们了解干扰项的特点，有助于迅速、果断地排除这些干扰项，从而确定正确的答案。通常情况下，干扰项具有如下五个特点：

1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。

3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。

4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。

5. 无中生有，似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

实例分析1：

Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.

Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.

The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.

It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can’t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think you’re silly because you aren’t good at math, find a tutor. If you think you’re weak because you can’t run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think you’re dull because you don’t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesn’t mean it’s true.

The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat (拍) yourself on the back, you’ll know you’re well on your way. Good luck!（2008年广东卷阅读理解B篇）

49. What is the passage mainly about? 

   A. How to prepare for your success.  

   B. How to face challenges in your life.

   C. How to build a positive self-image.

   D. How to develop your good qualities.

[选项分析]

这是一篇议论文，主要探讨了如何树立积极的自我形象。纵观全文，我们可以看出，本文呈现的形式是“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。第一段是引子，导入话题，说明要树立积极的自我形象；第二段作者通过阐述了自我形象的定义，说明了自我形象所具有的一些特征

 ——

大多数人的自我形象都比实际情况要消极得多，从而引出文章的中心论点：要树立自我形象就要改变自我看法。而最后的三段（第3、4、5段）讲的是如何避免消极的自我形象，作者在这三段当中分别提到了三种方法。这三种方法都说明如何避免消极的自我形象。作者这样写作的目的，也就是从反面说明如何建立积极的自我形象。这种写作手法就是议论文当中的“反证法”。

现在，我们来分析各选项的特点：

选项A是无中生有。因为本文根本就没有涉及到“成功”方面的内容。

选项B是断章取义。命题者利用首段中最后一句中的challenge一词作为命题的依据，来设置干扰项。实际上，本文根本就没有提及任何与“挑战”有关的内容。

选项D是以偏概全。本文谈到了如何建积极的自我形象。积极的自我形象只是良好的素质之一。因此，这个干扰项的特点是以偏概全。

本题的正确答案是C。

实例分析2：

Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.

Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.

The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.

Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.

The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.

The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神经活动), which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2008年全国卷阅读理解D篇）

56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Codeine: A New Medicine              B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs

C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case        D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs

[选项分析]

本文是一篇议论文。文章的首句就是全文的主题句。本文的主题就是巧克力可以用来治疗咳嗽，因为巧克力中含有比codeine疗效更好的theobromine。后面的内容就是通过一个实验来证明这个观点。因此，本题的答案应选B。

其他各干扰项的特点如下：

A项：张冠李戴。根据第二段的内容我们可以知道，theobromine是一种刚刚从cocoa中发现的成份，这种成份治疗咳嗽的效果比codeine更好。而cocoa则是制作巧克力的主要原料。因此，codeine早就用于医药上了，根本不是一种新药。

C项：以偏概全。本文谈到了咳嗽的治疗，但这并不是文章的主要内容。这个选项的设置是典型的以偏概全的方式。

D项：无中生有。在本文中，文章谈到了theobromine可以用来治疗咳嗽，而不是导致咳嗽。因此，此项是比较容易排除的一个干扰项。

通过对干扰项的探讨，我们意识到，在做主旨大意题的时候，既可以从选择正确答案入手，也可以采用排除法，排除干扰项，从而确定问题的正确答案。

责任编校 蒋小青