电子显微镜下的叶子

     图片和文字说明来源于http://www.sciencephoto.com/。中文标题为本人翻译而来，原文中没有拉丁学名的无法确定到种。

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     银斑白里香(Thymus vulgaris Linn.)叶子的表面：Thyme leaf surface. Coloured Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of the underside of a leaf of the herb thyme, Thymus vulgaris. Two types of leaf hairs (trichomes) are seen, and stomata. Stomata appear as small, green circular structures; they serve as pores for the exchange of gases from the leaf surface. Unbranched multicellular hairs (blue) are seen which may have a protective function or reduce evaporation from the leaf. Glandular spherical structures (yellow) are modified hairs; these are the source of the aromatic oil of thyme. Thyme is used as a herb in cooking. It also has medicinal properties. Magnification: x150 at 6x6cm size.

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      荷花叶子表面：Lotus leaf surface. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showing the microstructures on the surface of a leaf from a lotus (Nelumbo sp.) plant. These structures on the top of the leaf, along with a waxy coating (removed here), help to repel water droplets better than any other material in nature. This helps the leaves to stay clean and stops fungi and other organisms from settling on them. This 'lotus effect' is being studied so that similar mechanisms can be implemented to produce 'self-cleaning' house paints. Here stomatal pores (dark, oval) can also be seen. Magnification: x1830 when printed 10 centimetres wide.

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      樟树(Cinnamomum camphora (Linn.) Presl)叶子表面：Camphor leaf surface. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the surface of a leaf of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora). Mid-green epidermal cells provide support and secrete a waxy cuticle to protect the leaf and limit water loss. Between the epidermal cells are paler green cells containing stomata (leaf pores), through which gaseous exchange occurs. Stomata are opened and closed by changes in pressure in the guard cells on either side of the pore. Crystals of a substance called camphor can be extracted from the leaves and wood of C. camphora. It is used in herbal medicine to treat many complaints. Magnification: x330 when printed 10cm wide

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      长角豆(Ceratonia siliqua Linn.)叶子表面：Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua) leaf surface, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The blue/green structures are stomata (leaf pores), the site of gaseous exchange in a plant. The opening and closing of the stomata is controlled by the semi-circular guard cells, which swell and become turgid to close the openings. Magnification: x360 when printed at 10 centimetres wide.

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      木槿叶子的表面：Hibiscus leaf surface, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). The yellow structures are oil glands. The spikes act as a deterrent to predators. Magnification: x90 when printed at 10 centimetres wide.

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      马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum Linn.)叶子的表面：Potato leaf (Solanum tuberosum) surface, coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM). It is covered in hair-like growths called trichomes. The long spiky trichomes protect the plant against predators and water loss through evaporation. The rounded trichomes secrete oils that are irritating to predatory insects. Magnification: x75 when printed at 10 centimetres wide.

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     迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.)的叶子：Rosemary leaf. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the surface of a young rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaf. The leaf surface comprises epidermal cells (green). On the leaf surface are two types of trichome (hair process). Globular oil glands (yellow) secrete oil. Hair cells (grey), which may be branched or unbranched, may protect the leaf against water loss, or against insects. Rosemary is used widely in cookery and herbal medicine. It is used to treat depression, migraine, rheumatism, arthritis, neuralgia and muscle injuries. Magnification: x400 when printed 10 centimetres wide.

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      薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia Mill)的叶子：Lavender leaf. Coloured scanning electron micro- graph (SEM) of a section through the leaf of a lavender plant (Lavandula augustifolia). Numerous dense branched hairs (trichomes) cover the leaf's surface. These have both a protective function against pests and serve to reduce evaporation from the leaf. The rounded structure (pale brown, lower centre) is an oil gland, which produces the plant's aromatic oil. Below this is the sectioned leaf, with the impermeable cuticle uppermost, supported by epidermal cells. Lavender is a herb which grows wild in the Mediterranean region, but is farmed all over the world. Magnification: x380 at 6x7cm size. x590 at 4x5"

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      木犀榄(Olea europaea Linn.)叶表面的毛：Leaf hairs. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the scale-like leaf hairs (trichomes) on an olive tree leaf (Olea europaea). These leaf hairs prevent evaporative water loss during dry conditions or high winds. They help the olive tree to survive in the hot and seasonally dry climates in which it lives. Gas content in the leaf is regulated by its stomata (one at lower right). These are pores which are opened and closed by their surrounding guard cells (brown). Magnification: x222 at 6x7cm size. x350 at 4x5"

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      烟草(Nicotiana tabacum Linn.)叶表面的毛：Tobacco leaf hairs. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of leaf hairs (brown) on the surface of a tobacco leaf Nicotiana tabacum. These large glandular trichomes secrete distasteful chemicals to deter pests from feeding on the leaves. Magnification: x160 at 6x6cm size. x260 at 4x5 inch size.

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      芦荟叶的气孔：Aloe stoma. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a stoma (centre) on the surface of a leaf from an aloe (Aloe sp.), a type of succulent cactus. A stoma is an opening in a leaf's surface which helps regulate gas exchange between the leaf interior and the atmosphere. It is opened or closed by its two bordering guard cells (green, below blue layer). Magnification: x325 at 6x7cm size. x520 at 4x5"

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       欧洲红豆杉(Taxus baccata)叶表面的气孔：Yew stomata. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of stomata (holes) on the surface of the leaf of an English yew (Taxus baccata). Stomata are holes which regulate gas and water exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere. During the day they open to allow the exchange of gases during photosynthesis, closing at night to prevent water loss. They are opened and closed by two bordering guard cells (not seen) below this top layer. This yew is a long-lived poisonous tree which inhabits cool, hilly areas throughout Europe and northern Asia. Magnification: x375 at 6x7cm size. x580 at 4x5 inch size.

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      百岁兰(Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f.)的叶子：Welwitschia plant leaf. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a section through a leaf of the desert plant Welwitschia mirabilis. Large vascular bundles (orange/grey) are seen running through the leaf. These carry water and nutrients to and from the leaf. This plant lives in the arid desert of south-western Africa. It extracts all the moisture it needs from fogs which cover the desert at times. It only has two leaves, which grow from a thick root embedded in the ground. The leaves grow throughout the life of the plant, which may be as long as 2000 years. Magnification: x30 at 6x7cm size. x50 at 4x5"

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      圣诞蔷薇(暗叶铁筷子、嚏根草)(Helleborus niger Linn.)的叶子：Christmas rose leaf. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a section through the leaf of the Christmas rose (Helleborus niger). The upper surface of the leaf is at top. Numerous vertical cells containing chloroplasts (small spheres) are seen beneath the surface. These are the site of photosynthesis, the process by which plants use sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into sugars. At upper left and right are vascular bundles (blue), part of the network of veins which transports water and nutrients to and from the leaf. Stomata (pores regulating gaseous exchange) are seen on the lower surface of the leaf in lower frame. Magnification: x120 at 6x7cm size. x190 at 4x5"