英语基础知识(语法系列)系统总结与练习：

独立主格与with的复合结构 

独立主格
构成：名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语构成。　
独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.=If the weather permits,we are going tovisit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。

The boy leading us,we got there easily.在小孩的带领下，我们很容易地到了那里。

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Work done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

Nothing to do, he lay down to sleep.

This train left, the next to come an hour later.这趟车走了，下一趟要以小时后到来。
He came into the room, his face red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆 　
with的复合结构
构成：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语。

1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）
2、 With the meal over，we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语）
3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.
4、With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.由于没人可以说话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。（原因状语）  
With a lot of work to do, he wasn't allowed to go out.因为还有很多工作要做，他没有被允许外出。（原因状语）

He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语）
5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词 ，作伴随状语）

Without anything left in the cupboard，she went out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语）
在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（见上述例句），With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如：
1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.
2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.
3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.

4.He saw a brook with flowers on both sides.
几点说明：
1. with结构在句子中的位置： with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面，并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面，不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语，则放在所修饰的名词之后，一般不用逗号隔开。
2. with结构作状语时，不定式、现在分词 、和过去分词的区别： 在with结构中，不定式、现在分词作宾补，表示主动，但是不定式表示将要发生的动作，而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成。
例如： With the boy leading the way，we found he house easily.（小男孩已领过路）
With the boy to lead the way，we will find the house easily tomorrow.（小男孩明天将领路）
He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.（寝室被关着）
3.表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题：The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
      A. being tied　 B. having tied　　C. to be tied　　D. tied　　
　　答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.　　
注意: 1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
　　2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题： Weather___, we\'ll go out for a walk.
　 A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting
　 答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为\'天气允许\'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
　 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we\'ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

 

与介词with复合结构相关的高考试题：

1.(NMET.2000) _________ production up by 60 % , the company has had another excellent year.                                                                 

      A. As         B. For         C. With             D. Through             

    [解析] 答案 C。本题考查介词with的复合结构“with + n / pron + prep. phrase(介词短语)”的用法。“as”作为连词，意为“因为、由于”，其后必须跟从句；作为介词，意为“作为”，从语法和句意方面都不能用。而for和through在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在这里应用with，意思是“因为、由于”。 句意是：由于生产（产品）上升了60% ，这家公司又有了一个辉煌年。      

2.(Beijing. 2004) ________two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend.

      A. Besides        B. With           C. As for         D. Because of                               

    [解析] 答案 B。这道题也是考查介词with复合结构用法的。从句子的结构看这里必须要填一个介词，而不能填连词，“as for” 意思是“至于、关于”；because of意思是“由于、因为”，其后不能跟复合结构，所以不能选择C和D。在所给的选项中只有with才符合构成“ with + n / pron + to do ”结构。句意是：由于担心这两门考试，本周末我得真的用功了。

   以上两道试题从不同的角度对介词with复合结构的用法进行了考查。一般来说，with的复合结构在句子中主要用作状语,表示谓语动词的动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等等。为了帮助同学们更好地理解和掌握介词with的复合结构用法，笔者通过多年对介词的分析研究，依托高考经典试题，对介词with的用法作如下分析和归纳，供同学们参考：                                                                                                     

1>“with + n / pron + v-ing” 这一结构在句子中作伴随状语，说明情况，其中现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作。例如：

① ________our food ________, we had to walk to a village for help.（成都毕业班第一次诊断试题）

    A. Since; runs out    B. Because; run outC. With; running out  D. For; running out

    [解析] 答案 C。“since、because、for”作“由于、因为”讲，是连词，其后只能跟从句，不能跟复合结构，所以不能选A、B、D。由于 run out是不及物动词短语且与our food之间存在主谓关系所以只能用 running out 结构，with在这里表示原因，故答案是C。句意是：在我们的食物快要用完的情况下，我们不得不向附近的村子求援。                                   

   ②.When mother went into the house, she found her baby was sleeping in bed, ________ his lips moving.

      A. as            B. with           C. for           D. through

     [解析] 答案 B。 该题是考查介词短语用作状语用法的。“as”作为连词，意为“因为、由于”，其后必须跟从句；作为介词，意为“作为”，从语法和句意方面都不符合；而for和through在这里从语法和句意方面也不能用。在所给的选项当中，只有with才可以构成这一复合结构，用作表示伴随情况的状语，故选B。句意是：当妈妈走进房子的时候，她发现自己的孩子正睡在床上，嘴唇一直在动。

2>.“with + n / pron +v-ed. ”这一结构在句子中作原因状语，其中过去分词表示被动或完成了的动作。例如：

   ①---You should have prepared your speech for the meeting , Mrs Smith .

     ---Yes, I know .But how could I ______the meeting date fixed so soon .（2005东北三校联考）

            A. while        B. as           C. after           D. with

    [解析] 答案：D。在所给的选项当中，只有as与with有“由于、因为” 之意，而as是连词，其后必须跟从句，所以不能用在这里。只有with符合这一用法，构成复合结构，用作表示原因的状语，代词I之后省略了动词prepare。句意是：因为会议日期确定的太快了，我还没有准备好。

   ②________ more and more forests damaged ,some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out .(2005石家庄市高三调研试题）

            A. As           B. For           C. With         D. By

    [解析] 答案C。此题考查with复合结构“with + n / pron +v-ed. ”的用法，在这里表示原因。as和for常常引导的是一个表示原因的句子，而介词by显然没有这种用法。句意是：由于越来越多的森林遭到破坏，一些动植物正面临着灭绝的危险。

   ③Many large cities, such as Liverpool and New York , have had experiments of this kind, ________ old factories turned into successful art centers.（南京市高三模拟试题）

     A. for           B. with              C .as         D .like

    [解析] 答案B。本题也是考查with复合结构用法的,表示一种伴随情况。介词for与as虽具有“由于、因为” 之意，但其后要跟从句，，like没有“由于、因为” 之意，应该排除A、C、D，答案是B。句意是：随着旧工厂被成功地改制为艺术中心，许多大城市（如利物浦和纽约）都做着这方面的尝试。                                                                                                                         

3>“with + n / pron + to do ”这一结构在句子中作原因状语，其中不定式表示将要发生的动作。   例如：

　 ______so much homework to do , I won't have time to go to see the film tonight.

         A. With           B. To           C. For             D. In

[解析] 答案A。这里用介词 with的复合结构作状语表示原因，而to、for、in则没有这种复合结构用法，故排除B、C、D，答案是B。句意是：由于有许多家庭作业要去做，今晚我没有时间去看电影了。再如：

With nothing to do , I sat down watching TV.

4>“with + n / pron + prep. phrase .”这一结构在句子中作伴随状语，表示状态或说明情况或作定语。例如：

    ①_________and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor 's help to end her life .(2005年江苏省高考试题)

       A .Having given up hope of cure              B. With no hope for cure

       C . There being hope for cure                D. In the hope of cure

   [解析] 答案 B。此题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。逗号前的内容作状语，该部分是由介词with构成的短语及现在分词短语suffering from the terrible disease构成的，介词with有两个宾语，分别是 no hope for cure和 no way to reduce her pain。句意是：这位病人由于没有治愈的希望和减轻其痛苦的方法，她饱受疾病煎熬，于是请求大夫结束她的生命。

    ②John starts to work very clearly in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon _______ a break at midday .

         A. for             B. with             C. in           D. as

    [解析] 答案 B。此题考查介词短语作状语。即“with + n / pron + prep. phrase” 。句意是：约翰早上开始工作，中午稍作休息后又接着工作到下午稍晚些时候。

5>.“with + n / pron + adj ” 这一结构常作伴随性状语，表示状态。例如：

   It was cold outside , the boy ran into the room ________ his nose red.

       A. to          B. on            C. in              D. with

     [解析] 答案 D。这个句子是考查with 的复合结构用法的，用with +名词（nose）+形容词（red）作状语表示伴随情况。而to、on 、in 作为介词则没有这种用法，故排除A、B、C，答案为D。句意是：外面天气很冷，那个男孩跑进了屋子时，鼻子红红的。再如：

Tom's father is used to sleeping with the window open.

6>. “with + n / pron + adv ”这一结构在句子中常作伴随状语,表示情况或状态。例如：

     _______all the representatives (代表)still not there , the meeting was postponed for several months.

        A. Without        B. With          C. By            D. Because

     [解析] 答案 B。这里应填入一个介词结构以表示原因或状态，而在所给的选项中without 具有否定意义，不能用在这里；by则表示方式、手段等；because后则要跟从句，只有with具有这种用法，所以选B。句意是：在代表仍然不在场的情况下，会议被推迟了好几个月。类似的，再如：

With so many students away , we have got more room.

7> “with + n / pron + n ”在句中作定语或状语。如：

He died with his son yet a school boy . 他去世时他的儿子还是一个学童呢

巩固练习

1.    BBC English broadcasts programmes for China _______ explanation in Chinese.

A. in            B.for          C.with           D.as

2. The young woman _______ a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street.

      A. with          B.because      C. on             D. like

3. Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.

      A. as            B. with         C. for            D. on

4. _______ so many homework to do, Mary won’t have time to play with her friends this morning.

A. Without      B. With        C. By          D. Because

5. _______ the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening.

A. Because        B. As         C. With            D. Because of

6. _______ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone.

    A. As        B.For          C. Because          D. With

7. _______ all things considered, her proposal is of greater than his

    A. Like        B.With          C. On          D. Without

8. _______ time permitting, we will visit the Summer Palace.

A. By         B. On          C. With          D. As

参考答案：1-8 CABBCDBC

1. The meeting____ over, we all left the room. （上海1987）
A. is B. to be C. being D. would be
2. European football is played in 80 countries, it___ the most popular sport in the world. （NMET1998） A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
3. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. （NMET2001） A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
4. The fish____ bad, the children left much of it .
A. tasted, untouched B. tasting, untouched C. tasting, untouching D. tasted, untouching
5.___ from what you say, he ought to succeed.
A. Judged B. Judging C. When you judged D. Because you judge
6. Everything___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. takenC. to be taken D. taking
7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’t accept the offer.
A.not being finished B.not having finished C.had not been finished D.was not finished
8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).
A.has B.had C.to have D.having
9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.
A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe in his mouth
10.The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material.
A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up
答案1.C 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A，但是最好是not having been finished 8.D 9.C 10.C

独立主格结构巩固练习

巩固练习：
1．The thief stood before the policeman，________ admitting what he had done．
A．with his drooping head    B．drooping his head
C．raising his head          D．with his head down
2．__________ ，he can‘t go out for a walk as usual．
A．With so much work to do  B．With so much work doing
C．With so much work done  D．Without so much work to do
3．It‘s quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ______ and his eyes ____
A．closed；open   B．closed；openedC．closing；open  D．closing；opening
4．All things __________ ，the plan trip will have to be called off．
A．be considered  B．considered C．considering    D．having considering
5．__________ ，we have to get down to business right away．
A．As there was no time left B．There is no time left
C．There being no time left D．There to be no time left
6．__________ yesterday，we went out for a walk．
A．As a fine day B．It was a fine day
C．It being a fine day D．For it was a fine day
7．The old man stood there，__________ ．
A．with back against the wall B．with his back against the wall
C．with back against wall D．his back against wall
答案：1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB

1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.
A. There was    B. There being    C. Because there being
2. ____, I‘ll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.
A. Time permits   B. If time permitting   C. Time permitting   D. Time‘s permitting
3. _____, we all went home happily.
A. Goodbye was said    B. Goodbye had been said 
C. Goodbye said        D. When goodbye said
4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.
A. It being fine weather     B. It fine weather   
C. It was fine weather      D. It being a fine weather
5. ____, the bus started at once.
A. The signal was given    B. The signal giving 
C. The signal given       D. When the signal given
6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.
A. tears‘ rolling down      B. tears rolled down 
C. with tears rolled down    D. tears rolling down
7. ____, the leaves are turning green.
A. When spring coming on      B. Spring coming on
C. Spring came on       D. Spring being come on
8. _____, I had to buy a new one.
A. My dictionary losing     B. My dictionary having been lost
C. My dictionary had been lost     D. Because my dictionary lost
9. I used to sleep with the window _____.
A. opened    B. open    C. opening    D to open
10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.
A. A gun on shoulder     B. A gun was on his shoulder
C. Gun on shoulder      D. A gun being on shoulder
11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. As   B. For   C. With   D. Through
12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.
A. do     B. doing    C. done     D. to do
13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.
A. trembling     B. trembled      C. were trembling     D. were trembling
14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
A. All things considering     B. All things considered
C. All things were considered    D. With all things were considered
15. ______, we will surely succeed.
A. The teacher helping us      B. The teacher to help us 
C. The teacher will help us     D. With the teacher helping
1-5  BCCAC     6-10    DBBBC     11-15 CDABB
1．Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker _________ a separate task．
A．assigning B．assigned C．was assigned D．would be assigned
2．The lecture_________，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker．
A．began B．beginning  C．having begun D．being beginning
3．Such _________ the case ，there are no grounds to justify your complaints．
A．being  B．is  C．was D．to be
4．Darkness _________ in，the young people lingered on merrymaking．
A．set B．setting  C．has set D．was set
5．With all factors_________，we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal．
A．being considered  B．considering C．considered D．are considered
6．A new technique_________，the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent．
A．to have been worked out  B．having worked out C．working out  D．having been worked out
7．On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still，ears_________，alert，listening．
A．pointed B．pointing  C．are pointed D．are pointing
8．Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office ，but our work _________，we declined the offer．
A．not being finished  B．not having finished C．had not been finished D．was not finished
9．There are various kinds of metals ，each _________ its own properties．
A．has B．had  C．to have D．having
10．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports，each _________ one major point in contrast with the other．
A．makes B．made C．is to make D．making
Key：1—5 BCABC  6—10 DAADD