三、重点句型

1．So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.

每当（疾病）突发时，总有成千的人死去

【句型剖析】 1）本句是一个复合句，every time引导的是一个时间状语从句，意思是“每当……”，相当于“when”。 另外，此状语从句中还有一个“there be”结构。

2）So many thousands of terrified people died是主句。

【归纳拓展】 类似的时间状语归纳：

1)each time 每次；每当

2)at the time 在……时候

3)any/next/the first/the last time 意为“任何/下一次/第一次/最后一次”

4) the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly等都可以引导时间状语从句。意为“一……就”

【即学即用】同义句转换

 I gave Mary the money when I saw her.

 I gave Mary the money __________ ____________ I saw her.

  (答案：the minute/the moment)

2．He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.

他对两个可能解释关于霍乱为什么能致人于死地的理论感兴趣

【句型剖析】 1）how 引导的特殊疑问句是宾语从句。

2）he became interested in two theories explaining是主句。

3）主句是“主系表”结构：

become在此处为系动词，意为“变得；成为”，表示的是动态过程，become ill表示“患病；得病”。通常

be+形容词意为“病了；病着”，则表示静态。

除此之外，常见的系表结构还有：get tired意思是“感觉累，感觉疲惫”；get happy, get angry；get lost(迷路)；get married(结婚)；get used to(习惯于)；get tired(累了)；get dressed(穿好衣服)；get angry(发怒) 。 “turn＋形容词”，“become＋形容词”，　“keep+形容词”。如：turn white(变白), become fatter and fatter(变得越来越胖), keep open(保持开着) 等等 

【归纳拓展】1）在英语中，陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句都可以在宾语从句中充当宾语，但一定要用陈述语气 如：I don’t know what will happen in future.(由特殊疑问词引导)

I wonder whether he lives here.（由whether或if引导）

He told that he was very sad at that moment.（由that引导，that可以省略）

2）和系动词get组成的常见搭配有：

【高考链接】Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.(NMET 1998)

A. pay　　　　　　B. paying     C. paid　　　　　 D. to pay

（答案：C）

3． The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.

   Suggest此处表示“暗示”。Suggest用法如下：

    suggest vt.建议，提议（所接从句用虚拟语气）。

① suggest + doing  建议……。例如：

May I suggest doing it in another way? 我建议换一种方式做这件事如何？

② suggest sth. to sb. 向某人提议……。例如：

They suggested another shop to us. 他们向我们建议了另一家商店。

③ suggest (to sb.) that-clause (向某人)建议。例如：

She suggested that we should have lunch at the new restaurant.

她建议我们在那家新开的餐馆吃午餐。

suggest vt.暗示，表明（所接从句不用虚拟语气）。

① suggest sth. 暗示、表明……。例如：

That girl's sun-tanned face suggests excellent health.

那个姑娘被太阳晒黑了的脸表明她身体非常健康。

② suggest + that-clause 暗示、表明……。例如：

Her expression suggested that he had told a lie 她的表情表明撒了慌。

③ suggest sth. to sb. 使某人想起……。例如：

An idea suggests itself to me. 我想到一个主意。

[思维拓展] suggestion, advice, proposal均作“建议”讲，所接同位语从句和表语从句也要用虚拟语气。例如：

My suggestion is that we (should) go to the cinema together.

我建议我们一块儿去看电影。

My advice is that you (should) stay here for another week.

我建议你在这儿再待一个星期。

[典例]1）The parents suggested ___ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.（2006上海春招）

A. sleep                B. to sleep                   C. sleeping                   D. having slept

[解析] suggest doing sth.  建议干某事。答案为C。

4. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.

只有把太阳作为（太阳系）的中心，其他星球的运动才讲得通 

【句型剖析】 1）if 引导状语从句表“只有”。

2)only 放在句首用来加强语气。

3）以only引导的短语作状语或状语从句放在句首时，为了加强语气，句子需要部分倒装。如：

Only by working hard can we succeed.

只有通过努力工作，我们才能取得成功

【归纳拓展】 1）only 后如果后续的不是状语时句子不倒装，切忌！如：

Only with him,　she can do it well.她只有和他合作，才能把它做得好。

2）倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前；部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态动词放在主语之前。如：

Then came the chairman.（全部倒装）

Never have I seen such a performance.（部分倒装）

【即学即用】翻译

   只有用这种方法才能改善你的发音。

  ____________________________________________________________

(答案：Only in this way can you improve your pronunciation.)

【高考链接】

1）Only when I left my parents for Italy __ how much I loved them. （2008重庆，26）

A. I realized    B. I had realized    C. had I realized   D. did I realize

(答案：D)

2）.______ you eat the correct foods ______ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. （2008江苏，32）

A. only if; will you              B. Only if; you will

C. Unless; will you              D. Unless; you will

(答案：A)

5．It seemed the water was to blame.

[要点导航]

 “be十不定式”的用法

1）主语为 dream， wish， idea， job，work， duty ，plan等名词时，“be to do”是系表结构，表示主语是什么。不定式表示的动作在渭语动词之后发生。如：His wish was to be a teacher．他的愿望是当一名老师。

Their plan is to finish building the house within a week. 他们的计划是在一周内完成这房子。

2）主语是“人”时，“be to do”表示主语（计划、意图、安排）干什么。如：

I'm to meet him at the station. 我将到火车站接他。

They are to be married. 他们将要结婚。

3)注定要发生的事。

He was later to be a great inventor.他后来注定要成为一名伟大的发明家。

[要点导航]

blame vt. n. 谴责；归咎   take the blame for 为……承担责任

They blamed the failure of the action on George.

他们把此次行动失败归咎于乔治。

The company____________________________________________________.

公司准备对已发生的事情承担责任。

The car driver took the blame for the accident.

小汽车的司机承担了事故的责任。

be to blame  应受谴责

The children were not to blame. 孩子们不应受到谴责。

____________________________________________________________________.

那次交通事故不应该责怪司机。

I am to blame. 是我不好。

6．He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. 他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转 

 【句型剖析】 with the planets going round it是with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语的结构，在句中作状语。这一结构在句中常作定语或状语，作宾补的可以是介词短语、过去分词、形容词、副词或动词不定式等。

【归纳拓展】

（1）With + n./p ron. + 介词短语

      He sat there with a smile on his face.

(2) With + n./pron. + 副词

     With Mr Smith away, we’ve got more room.

(3) With + n./pron. + 不定式

     With so much work to do, he could not go home.

(4) With + n./pron. + 现在分词

     The street was quiet with no buses running.

(5) With + n./pron. + 过去分词

     In came a man with his hands tied back.

(6) With + n./pron. + 形容词

     He wrote a shirt, with the neck open, showing his bare chest.

  注意：with的复合结构可以译为“随着……”，因此可以转换为以as引导的状语从句 

【即学即用】句型转换

  （1）.With the sun rising, the day gets hotter.

  _________________________, the day gets hotter.                 (答案：As the sun rises)

（2）.________our food ________, we had to walk to a village for help.（成都毕业班第一次诊断试题）

    A. Since; runs out               B. Because; run out

C. With; running out             D. For; running out                 (答案：C)

（3）. ---You should have prepared your speech for the meeting , Mrs Smith .

     ---Yes, I know .But how could I ______the meeting date fixed so soon .（2005东北三校联考）

            A. while        B. as           C. after           D. with   (答案：D)

（4）.________ more and more forests damaged ,some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out .(2005石家庄市高三调研试题）

            A. As           B. For           C. With         D. By    (答案：C )

【高考链接】

1.(NMET.2000) _________ production up by 60 % , the company has had another excellent year.                                                                

      A. As         B. For                   C. With                 D. Through

【答案】C。

2. (Beijing. 2004) ________two exams to worry about , I have to work really hard this weekend.

      A. Besides        B. With          C. As for         D. Because of

【答案】B。

3. (全国I卷35. 2009)Now that we’ve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions taken          ?

A. taking                    B. take                        C. taken                       D. to take

【答案】C。

【解析】考查with +宾语+宾语补足语的用法。句意为：现在,我们已经讨论了问题,是人们最满意的决定？ take 与the decisions之间存在的关系是动宾关系，故用过去分词表示被动。

四、Teaching Steps（选摘修改）

1．Teaching Aims

①Get Ss to improve their reading abilities.

②Let Ss know the topic “Great scientists”

③Know some important phrases occurring in this reading

2．Teaching Procedures

Step 1 Lead in

Check Ss’ knowledge about some scientists and their discoveries.

①Who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float?

Archimedes

②Who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed?

Charles Darwin

③Who invented the first steam engine?

Thomas Newcomen

④Who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed form parents to their children?  

Gregor Mendel

⑤Who discovered radium?

Maries Curie

⑥Who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?

Thomas Edison

⑦Who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?

Leonardo da Vinci

⑧Who invented a lamp to keep miner safe underground?

Sir Humphrey Davy

⑨Who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?

Zhang Heng

⑩Who put forward a theory about black holes?

Stephen Hawking

After all the questions, then lead in the passage with a picture. Ask ss if they know the map and what it is used for. Give them the answer later “It is a map to find out the cause of Cholera. ”

 

Step 2 Skim and Scan

More questions are given to get the general ideas of this passage and some obvious facts.

Who defeats “King Cholera“? John Snow

What happened in 1854?   Cholera outbreak hit London.

How many people died in 10 days? 500

Why is there no death at No. 20 and 21 Broad Street as well as at No. 8 and 9 Cambridge Street?

 These families had not drunk the water from the Broad Street pump.

Step 3 Reading for details

1 Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first?

Neither its cause, not its cure was understood.

2 Which theory did John Snow believe in?

People absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.

3 John Snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________.

gathering information with the help of a map

looking into the source of the water for Broad Street and Cambridge Street

Separating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t

Both A and B (right choice)

4 To prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did John Snow do?

Suggested that the source of all water supplies be examine. Suggested that new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. Instructed the water companies not to expose people to the polluted water anymore.

 

Step 4  Fast reading: Read the passage silently and quickly and match the stages of an experiment with the paragraphs, You’ll be given 5 minutes.

paragraph	Stages in an experiment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Key: （见课文和教师用书）

The same with above:

Find a problem  draw a conclusion  Think of a method  Collect results  Make up a question  Analyse the results  Repeat if necessary

 

Paragraph 1: Introduction of John Snow and Cholera

Paragraph 2: Two theory

Paragraph 3-5: Study of the breakout in 1854

Paragraph 3: Think of a method: Test two theory

Collect the result: Mark the death

Analyze the result: Reason for death and no death

Paragraph 4: Analyze the result: Find the resource of the water 

Paragraph 5: Repeat if necessary: Find more evidence.

Draw a conclusion: Cholera was spread by germ

Polluted water carried cholera

Paragraph 6: Prevention of Cholera

Step 5 Retell the passage （文章缩写仅供参考）

Provide ss with a summary with some blanks. Let them retell the passage as well as pay attention to some important words.

Read the passage again and fill in the blanks:

John Snow was a well-known ____ in London in the ___ century. He wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. In 1854 when a cholera ____ out, he began to gather information. He _____ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the ______ died. So he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. He suggested that the _____ of all water supply be _______ and new methods of ________ with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.

Key: （见课文和教师用书）

Step 6 Homework

Read the whole passage and retell.

Go to the net to get more information about UK.

五、语法聚焦

过去分词作定语和表语

（The Past Participle as the Attribute and the Predicative）

分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语或是状语等 分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在“意思”上有主动和被动之分。过去分词一般有被动和完成两大特征。

过去分词的定语和表语功能

定     语	表“完成”或“被动”	boiled water开水           fallen leaves落叶 the risen sun升起的太阳　　  selected apples 精选苹果 spoken English英语口语　　 　iced beer冰镇啤酒 cooked food熟食            fried chips炸土豆条
	单个的过去分词作定语时， 一般放在被修饰词语之前 (如上例)，也可以放在所 修饰词语的后面 	Hurry up，there is only a little time left. 快点，时间不多了。 If you wish everything changed，please say so. 你如果希望改变一切，请说明。
	过去分词短语作定语时，须将分词放在被修饰的词语之后，功能相当于一个定语从句。	Near the window，there is a bookshelf filled with many books(=which is filled with many books). 靠近窗户，有一个装满书的书架。 Her daughter，brought up by me(=who was brought up by me)has begun to work now. 由我带大的她的女儿现在已经参加工作了。
表 语	当“人”作主语时用过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态或思想感情等。	When we heard of it，we were deeply moved. 当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea. 听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。
	过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。分词作表语表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示被动的动作 	My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。(状态) My glasses were broken by my son. 我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。(动作) On the earth，70% of the surface is covered with water.地球表面70%是被水覆盖的。(状态) I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door. 敲门声使我大为吃惊。(动作)