定语从句（上）

1.定义

2.来源与功能

3.定语从句写作步骤

4.使用条件

 

1.定义

定语：

限定名词或代词的成分

从句：大句子里套的小句子

定语从句：小句子在大句子里做定语。

 

这是一本有趣的书。

This is an interesting book.

这就是我喜欢的书。 ？

 

2.来源与功能

2.1.名词---妈妈，爸爸，爷爷，叔叔，筷子

2.2代词---她，他（周杰伦….）

2.3.抽象的数词

2.4.动词---叫！走！跑！

我叫王大毛。

我今年9岁。

我想读书。

→松散，支离破碎→需要粘合剂

→重复，累赘→需要代替重复的词

I Know a girl. The girl is a movie star.

                    松散！

I know a girl,  and the girl is a movie star.

                    累赘！

I know a girl who is a movie star.

                   恰到好处

The girl is a movie star.

I met the girl yesterday.

The girl who I met yesterday is a movie star.

The girl whom I met yesterday is a movie star.

The girl was a movie star.

I talked to the girl.

The girl who I talked to was a movie star.

The girl whom I talked to was a movie star.

The girl to whom I talked  was a movie star.

 

who/whom?

I know a man_____ works at the post office.

One of the people _______I watched at the race lost.

 

Who/whom?

My neighbor is a kind of person_____ is always willing to help people in trouble.

My mother is a woman ______  I admire tremendously.

 

爱我的人

The person who loves me

我爱的人

The person who(m) I love

 

I Know a girl. The girl’s brother is a movie star.

I know a girl, and the girl’s brother is a movie star.

I know a girl whose brother is a movie star.

 

The girl has a cat.  The cat likes to catch birds.

The girl has a cat , and the cat likes to catch birds.

The girl has a cat that/which likes to catch birds.

 

Tom was late. That surprised me.

Tom was late, and that surprised me.

Tom was late, which surprised me.

 

 

He never brushes his teeth.          I hate that.

He never brushes his teeth， and I hate that.

He never brushes his teeth, which I hate.

 

关系代词一览：

           关系词    先行词     在定语从句中做什么成分

           who        人             主语/宾语

           whom      人                宾

which     物或句子          主/宾

           that       人或物             主/宾

           whose    人的或物的          定

          

翻译练习：            

我喜欢的学校

早上摘的花

你读过的那本书

你给我的钢笔

你说的那本书

 

我喜欢的那所学校在北京。

早上摘的那些花儿很香。

我喜欢你读过的那本书。

你给我的钢笔在桌子上。

你说的那本书在哪里?

 

3.定语从句写作步骤

3.1.确定主干

3.2.写出从句

3.3 从句前加上关系词，放在被修饰的名词的后面。

 

关系词的选择

人：用who/that连

用whom连（宾语）

 

阅读鉴赏：                         

Too many people spend money which they haven’t earned, to buy things which they don’t want, to impress people who they don’t like.         ---Will Smith

 

Boss is a man who is at the office early on the days when you are late.

A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining, but wants it back the minute it begins to rain.

 

经典赏析

1.不要杀了能下金蛋的老母鸡。----(拿破仑）

Don't kill the hen.

The hen lays golden eggs.

Don’t kill the hen (that/which lays  golden eggs).

                               

 

2.不想当将军的士兵不是好士兵。----(拿破仑）

A soldier doesn't want to be a general.

The soldier is not a good one.

The soldier  (who does not want to be a general) is not a good soldier.

 

4. 使用条件

1.一个形容词无法充分表达意思：

这是一本有趣的书。

This is an interesting book.

这就是我喜欢的书。

This is the book （that/which）I like.

 

2.虽然可能有某个词表达这种意思，但是我又不会时：

比如：散伙饭、成人自考、宅男、快男、索女。   

 

散伙饭

Well, it is a kind of dinner which is usually held for people who are going to say goodbye to one another.

farewell dinner

 

东北虎

It’s a kind of tiger which is found in northeast China.

Siberian Tiger

giraffe

 

席琳迪翁

She is a famous singer

She sings My heart will go on.

She is a famous singer who sings
My heart will go on.

 

林肯公园

It is a famous band.

It plays rock and roll.

It is a famous band which plays rock and roll.

 

关系副词

先行词      关系副词       关系代词

时间        when        at/in/on/during which

地点        where           at/in/on/ which

原因         why             for which

时间

地点        that             介词+which

原因

 

where

这就是我住的地方。

This is the place where I live.

This is the place which I live in.

This is the place in which I live.

This is the place that I live.

This is the place that I live in.

This is the place I live.

 

when

我永远无法忘记我遇到你的那一天。

I will never forget the day when I met you.

I will never forget the day on which I met you.

I will never forget the day that I met you.

I will never forget the day Φ  I met you.

I will never forget the day which I met you on.

 

why

我不知道她为什么不爱我。

I don’t know why she doesn’t love me.

I don’t know the reason why she doesn’t love me.

I don’t know the reason for which she doesn’t love me.

I don’t know the reason that she doesn’t love me.

 

非限&限制性定语从句

区别

She has a son who is  an  actor.

She has a son, who is an actor.

 

区别

Anyone who said this must be a fool.

Anyone must be fool.

The book was left by Tom, who was here yesterday.

The book was left by Tom.

 

区别

I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from others.

我将不穿使我与众不同的衣服

I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from others.

我将不穿衣服，这将使我与众不同。

 

 

 

区别

She is most beautiful, that makes her roommate envy her.

She is most beautiful, which makes her roommate envy her.

辨析

We took some children on a picnic. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park.

We took some children on a picnic. The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The others played a different game.

 

定语从句	限制性	非限制性
形式
意义
功能
关系词
先行词

 

代词+ of +which/whom

                        翻译写作练习

玛丽有三兄弟。他们都结婚了。

Mary has three brothers. All of them are married.

Mary has three brothers , and all of them are married.

Mary has three brothers ,all of whom are married.

 

我们被提供了大量的信息。 其大部分都是无用的。

We were given a lot of information.

Most of the information was useless.

We were given a lot of information, most of which was useless.

 

我寄给了她两封信。 其中一封她都没有回。

I have sent her two letters.

She has received neither of these letters.

I have sent her two letters, neither of which she has received.

 

十个人申请了这个工作，但是没有一个合适。

Ten people applied for the job.

None of these people were suitable.

Ten people applied for the job, none of whom were suitable.

 

 

 

Tom 赢了50000美金，他把其中的一半给了父母。

Tom won $ 50,000.

He gave half of this to his parents.

Tom won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents.

 

Julia 有两个妹妹，这两个妹妹都是老师。

Julia has two sisters.

Both of her sisters are teachers.

Julia has two sisters, both of whom are teachers.

 

介词加which，whom

All of

Each of

Any of

Either of        + which/whom

Neither of

None of

Many of

A few of…

 

名词+of+ which/who
我有一本语法书，它的封皮很漂亮。

I have a  grammar book.

The cover  of it  is beautiful.

I have a grammar book, and the cover of it is beautiful.

I have a grammar book, the cover of which is beautiful.

 

真题链接

1.My friend showed me round the town, ______ was very kind of him.

A. which         B. that          

C. where         D. it              ---(09全国II)

2.Many children，         parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village．

A．their         B．whose    

C．of them       D．with whom    --(2009安徽卷)

3.I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city ______ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.

A. which                             B. of which     

C. that                                   D. whose     --- (2009湖南卷)

4.They’ve won their last three matches, ________ I find a bit surprising actually.

A. that          B. when       

C. what         D. which            --- (09辽宁卷)

5.She brought with her three friends, none of            I had ever met before.

A. them            B. who             

C. whom          D. these               --- (09全国I)

6.Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile.

A. who         B. which        

C. when        D. that                --- (09山东卷)

7.Gun control is a subject         Americans have argued for a long time .

A. of which          B.  with which   

C.  about  which     D. into which         ---(09陕西卷)

8.Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.

A. where            B. when              

C. there             D. which           --- (09上海卷)

9.She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.

A. that       B. which      

C. where      D. when                  ---(2009四川卷)

10.A person ______ e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.

A. who         B. whom       

C. whose       D. whoever              ---(2009天津卷)

11.I was very interested in _____ she told me.

A. all that    B. all which

C. all what  D. that                     ---（专业四级）

定语从句（下）

定语从句（梳理）

1.先行词

2.关系词

3.割层定语从句

4.并列定语从句

 

1.先行词

1.11先行词是一个词（名词）

Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.                             ---（2006年考研完型）

1.12先行词是一个词（代词）

Those who bring sunshine to the lives of others, can not keep it from themselves.

We like those who admire us, but we don’t always like those whom we admire.

阅读翻译

Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleague are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.    ---(1995年考研text3)

 

1.2先行词是一个短语

In the Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media group have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another.                            ---(2005考研)

 

1.3先行词是一个分句

Students show that social science majors are most suited for change , which is the leading feature of the kind of high-speed, high-pressure, high-tech world we now live in. (2004高考全国，E)

 

1..4先行词是一个完整句子

Tom is always late, which irritates me.

 

2.关系词

Who

Whom

Which

Why

Where

When

That

as

8W+ H

what= all that

how= the way

what= all that

这就是我想要的。

This is what I want.

This is all that I want.

how= the way

你好好注意我是怎么做的。

Just pay attention to how I do it.

Just pay attention to the way that/in which I do it.

Just pay attention to the way I do it.

as

引导限制性定语从句

Such …as

The same …as

引导非限制性定语从句

As…, 

as

I have the same trouble as you (have).

I got the same (feeling) as you do.

Let’s discuss only such things as concern every one of us.

 

as

这个女孩学习努力。这我知道。

The girl studies hard. I know that.

The girl studies hard, which I know.

The girl studies hard, as I know.

As I know, the girl studies hard.

 

As 引导非限制性定语从句

As we know,

As we can see from the table/graph/figure

As can been seen form the table/graph/figure

As is seen form the chart,…

As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon that…

As is so often pointed out, …

 

阅读赏析

Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry---William Shakespeare---but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.  --- (2006年考研阅读text2)

 

3.割层定语从句

He laughs best who laughs last.

There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food.（新3）

阅读翻译

The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root.

                     考研1991年

 

Today stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might ---surprise---fall off.

               1999年考研text1

 

As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard one like Black English, can be powerfully expressive---there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.（2005年考研text4）

 

It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.

                    1996年考研英译汉

 

Around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment.

(雅思剑6阅读Text1)

 

4.并列定语从句

There are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work.

                           (雅思剑4阅读text1)

长难句阅读

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in a environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

Exam link

The people which I saw were unwilling to go out even after  it got light.

                                  托福改错

 

真题链接

The time is not far away___ modern communications will become widespread in China’s vast countryside.

A. as    B. until    C. when   D. before                  1992年四级

 

It is human nature to think back to a Golden Age ___ one’s country was strong and respected.

A. when    B. provided    C. as    D. unless             1993年1月六级

 

The hours ___ the children spend in their one-way relationship with television people--- undoubtedly affect their relationship with real-life people.

A. in which  B. on which  C. when   D. that                 2001年四级

These people once had fame and fortune, now ___ is left to them utter poverty.

A. all that   B. all what   C. all which  D. that all            2002年6月四级

 

I have never been to Beijing, but It’s the place ___.

A. where I’d like to visit    B. I most want to visit

C. in which I ‘d like to visit   D. that I want to visit it most.　  1999年6月四级

 

 

You are just the same ___ you were the day when I first met you.

A. that  B. like  C. to  D. as                               考研

 

It wasn’t such a good dinner ___ she had promised us.

A. that   B. which   C. as    D. what                   1990年四级

It is useful to be able to predict the extent ___ which a price change will affect supply and demand.

A. from   B. with   C. to      D. for                  1997年1月四级

 

Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are the main situations ___ formal language is used.

A. in which  B. at what   C. on which    D. in that        2001年6月四级

Jackie Joyner-Kersee, ___ the world record in the heptathlon in the 1988 Olympics, also won the long jump in that year.

A. whose setting   B. which she set   C. whoever set   D. who set   托福

 

Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ___ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.

A. whose  B. which  C. that    D. what                     2000年6月四级

A survey was carried out on the death rate of new born babies in that region, ___ were surprising.

A. as results   B. which results    C. the results of it     D. the results of which

                                                        1999年1月四级

 

                                                           ---北京新东方综合能力部陆文波