基本功学习：语法                                                                  snowcity

分词的独立主格结构

一、独立主格结构含义

   独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，常用逗号与主句隔开。

二、分词独立主格结构的形式

   分词独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由现在分词或过去分词构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。

1）名词／代词＋现在分词

  Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.  冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。

  The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.  雨停了，他出去散步。

2）名词／代词＋过去分词

  More time given, we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。

  The boy stood there, his right hand raised.  那个男孩站在那里，右手高举。

三、独立主格结构的功能

   独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。

1）表示时间

  Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.  她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。

2）表示条件

  The condition being favorable, he may succeed.  若条件有利，他或许能成功。

3）表示原因

  There being no taxis, we had to walk.  没有出租车，我们只好步行。

4）表示伴随情况

  Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.

  几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。

四、形式选择中应该注意的问题

1. 现在分词还是过去分词？

1). 在独立主格结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词。如：

  Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。

  （句中“冬天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，故用现在分词）

  It is so wet there that the trees are extremely tall, some measuring over 90 metres.

  那儿的湿度很大，所以树都长得特别高，一些高达90多米。

  （句中some与measure为逻辑上主谓关系，应用现在分词）

2). 主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词。如：

  More money given, we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.

  （句中“money”和“give”是动宾关系，因此用过去分词）

3). 在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如：

  The snow having stopped, she went out to sweep the snow in the yard.

4). 现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如：

①As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.

→Her skirt being caught on a nail, she could not move.

→Her skirt caught on a nail, she could not move.

②After his work had been finished, he went home.

→His work having been finished, he went home.

→His work finished, he went home.

2. 分词结构还是独立结构？

   上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：

Since he was very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.

不可改为独立结构：

He being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.

但可改为分词结构：

Being very tired with his walk, he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles.

基本功运用：

1. The weather ____ so bad, we had to put the game off.

  A. was      B. is      C. were      D. being

2. There ____ no classes yesterday, we paid a visit to the Great Wall.

  A. was    B. being    C. were    D. had been

3. The problem ____, the meeting came to the end.

  A. settled    B. was settled    C. being settled    D. setting

4. The boy lay on the ground, his eyes ____ and his hands ____.

  A. being closed；trembling          B. closed；trembling

  C. closed；trembled                D. closing；trembled

5. 2007年山东卷33题

  The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ______ at the   end of last March.

  A. has been launched   B. having been launched   C. being launched   D. to be launched

6. ______, the work can be done much better.

  A. Given more time         B. We had been given more time

  C. More time given          D. If more time had given

7. ____, he went and watched the game.

  A. His homework done      B. Done his homework

  C. His homework doing      D. If he will do his homework

8. ____, she went to the cinema house.

  A. She finished her supper    B. Finished supper

  C. Her supper finished         D. To be finished her supper

答案：1. D   2. B   3. A   4. B

5. B。〖解题思路〗：考查非谓语动词，即独立主格结构。题干中逗号，且无连词，首先排除A。根据at the end of last March，排除C（正在进行）和D（将来动作）项，表示动作完成故选B。

〖备考策略〗：

①什么是独立主格结构；②如何判断其是独立主格结构；③判断主动被动等。独立主格结构就是由名词或代词的主格形式加上名词或形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等构成的独立结构，可表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等。名词或代词的主格形式就是后面名词或形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等的逻辑主语，当它们之间是主动关系时一般用v-ing形式，如是被动则用v-ed形式，如表示将来动作则一般用不定式。那么如何判断是一个独立结构呢？首先句子中间是逗号，逗号前的两部分的主语不一致，两部分均无连词。这时候就可确定要用独立结构。

6. C。分析：B项缺连词，不正确。D项语态有误。A项干扰大。若选A，则the work就成了given的逻辑主语，整个句子就变成了：If the work is given more time, the work can be done much better.这样以来，也就是give the work more time，显然不合逻辑，实际上应该是give sb. more time，因此A项是错误的。C项是正确的。其中分词given另有自己的逻辑主语more time。这种自带主语的分词结构被称为“分词的独立主格”。其作用相当于状语从句：If more time is given (to us), the work can be done much better.

7. A。分析：从所给的四个选项来看，do的逻辑主语是his homework且为动宾关系，故选A。这个句子也可用介词with的复合结构来表示：With his homework done, he went and watched the game. D项时态错误。C项doing表示主动，不对。B项done与主语he矛盾。若改为Having done his homework，正确。

8. C