一、现在分词和过去分词的用法
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
　　1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
　　【例如】
　　Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the me

现在分词与过去分词虽然语法功能相同(都能作定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语),但它们所表达的概念和意义并不一样,现作一下比较:

(1)现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成.

   eg:Anne was staring at the falling leaves,sad (进行)

   eg:The fallen leaves covered the ground.(完成)

(2)心态,情感类动词的现在分词作表语时,主语往往是"物",做定语时,修饰的也是"物"一类的名词.

eg: The news sounds surprising .  eg: He won`t take the tiring work.

修饰人 的神态和内在的感情的名词时,要用过去分词.

eg: His face wore a puzzled expression.

(3)心态,情感类动词的过去分词作表语,主语往往是人,作定语时,修饰的往往也是人一类的名词.

eg: He became interested in social science.

eg: Since he lost the election he`s a disappointed man.

但是如果表示主动,即对别人产生某种影响,仍用现在分词.

eg: Mr.White is frightening.

eg: Lincoln was an inspiring leader.

(4)"名词+分词"结构作定语,相当于一个复合形容词,视情况而定.

eg: Australia is an English-speaking country.

eg: We`ve sent up another man-made satellite.

(5)分词的完成时态用作定语,一般不做定语,表语和补语,作状语时,若表示主动完成,应该用主动语态的完成式,但表被动时,可以用现在分词被动语态的完成式,或过去分词的一般式.

eg: Having fed the chichens, the girl went out to school.

eg: Having been given the wrong address, I failed to find his house.

比较:

在英语中，关于动词的两种分词出现的机率较高，学生容易混淆英语中也是一个难点.

现在分词与过去分词虽然语法功能相同(都能作定语,表语,宾语补足语和状语),但它们所表达的概念和意义并不一样,现作一下比较:

(1)现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成.

   eg:Anne was staring at the falling leaves,sad (进行)

   eg:The fallen leaves covered the ground.(完成)

(2)心态,情感类动词的现在分词作表语时,主语往往是"物",做定语时,修饰的也是"物"一类的名词.

eg: The news sounds surprising .  eg: He won`t take the tiring work.

修饰人 的神态和内在的感情的名词时,要用过去分词.

eg: His face wore a puzzled expression.

(3)心态,情感类动词的过去分词作表语,主语往往是人,作定语时,修饰的往往也是人一类的名词.

eg: He became interested in social science.

eg: Since he lost the election he`s a disappointed man.

但是如果表示主动,即对别人产生某种影响,仍用现在分词.

eg: Mr.White is frightening.

eg: Lincoln was an inspiring leader.

(4)"名词+分词"结构作定语,相当于一个复合形容词,视情况而定.

eg: Australia is an English-speaking country.

eg: We`ve sent up another man-made satellite.

(5)分词的完成时态用作定语,一般不做定语,表语和补语,作状语时,若表示主动完成,应该用主动语态的完成式,但表被动时,可以用现在分词被动语态的完成式,或过去分词的一般式.

eg: Having fed the chichens, the girl went out to school.

eg: Having been given the wrong address, I failed to find his house.

aning of a new word.
　　The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
　　He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
　　分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
　　【例如】
　　Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
　　Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) . Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)
　　A)Havings believed  B) Believing    C) Believed    D) Being believed
　　本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B.
　　No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6)
　　A) performing    B) performed    C) to be performed    D) being performed
　　本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
　　____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)
　　A) Being published    B) Published    C) Publishing    D) To be published
　　本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.
　　2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。
　　【例如】
　　When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work..
　　Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
　　Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
　　3)分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
　　【例如】
　　We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
　　This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
　　We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
　　After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
　　More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
　　The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack..
　　As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1)
　　A) having  B) to have    C) to have had    D) having had
　　后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A。
　　4)分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
　　【例如】
　　On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
　　The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
　　We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
　　I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
　　I caught him dozing off in class.
　　过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。
　　【例如】
　　After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
　　在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。
　　【例如】I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
　　I saw Mr. White lookingsintosa shop window.
　　--Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
　　--Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
　　5)分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。
　　【例如】
　　The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.
二、独立主格结构
在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
　　【例如】
　　The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.
　　(附加说明)
　　She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms.
　　(伴随动作)
　　Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.
　　(伴随动作)
　　They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men... )
　　(表示原因)
　　Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.
　　(表示原因)
　　A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)
　　Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件)
　　All flightsshavingsbeen cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
　　there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。
　　【例如】
　　There being nothing else to do, we went home.
　　Thereshavingsbeen no rain, the plants withered. It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ____on benches, chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)
　　A)shavingsseated B) seating C) seated D)shavingsbeen seated
　　本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。
　　seat可以用于如下句中：He came in and was seated in the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors____, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)
　　A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent
　　本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。
三、现在分词的被动式
在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动形式。
　　【例如】
　　The bridge being built now will be completed in three months.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.
　　Being surrounded by the students, the teacher was answering questions one by one.
　　If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ____. (CET-4 1996,6)
　　A) to correct B) correcting C)shavings corrected D) being corrected
　　句意为：如果我批评某个人，我会尽量保持幽默，自我控制，像批评自己一样。one为代词，后面的动词为其修饰成分，故用分词，而且one与correct之间是动宾关系，故用分词被动式，答案为D。
四、现在分词的完成被动式
现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前，且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)。
　　【例如】
　　Having been given such a good chance, he planned to work hard.
　　Having been experimented several times, this new product will be putsintosmass production.
　　All the compositionsshavingsbeen written and collected, the teacher dismissed the students.
五、现在分词的完成式
现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。
　　【例如】
　　Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
　　Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
　　Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game. Not having made adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
　　独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。
　　【例如】
　　His parents having died, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
　　The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.