第二章 名 词
Nouns
（一）. 名词变复数：
1. 规则名词复数形式：
在单数名词后加
“s”
day →
days
week → weeks
2. 在以 o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加 “es”.
hero →
heroes box →
boxes class → classes
bush → bushes
watch →
watches
3. 黄金重点：
I.
有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加 “s”。
II.
以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加
“s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。）
piano, photo, zero, radio,
bamboo, tobacco, solo, cuckoo, dynamo, cameo, soprano
教你一招 ò
如果以o
结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加 –es.
hero, tomato, potato,
Negro（黑人）[简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
4. 以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加 “es”。
family →
families
city → cities
5. y前面是元音字母只加
“s”。
key → keys
boy →
boys
play → plays
toy →
toys
6. 以f, fe结尾的名词，变f, fe为v加es.
Calf →
calves
knife → knives
ï%鸬毙牡毙模?br/> I. 下列名词直接加
“s”.（请大声朗读三遍，然后背下。注意读音！）
roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰），
gulf（港湾），
dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）
II. scarf（头巾），
wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕），hoof（蹄）既可直接加
“s”,又可变f为v加es.
（二）. 不规则名词复数形式：
1. foot → feet mouse →
mice goose →
geese child →
children ox →
oxen louse →
lice woman →
women man → men
2. 单复数同形：
sheep, deer, fish, means,
Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, barracks
（兵营）,bellows(风箱)，kennels（狗窝）
3. 一些英语外来词的复数形式：
crisis →
crises 危机
analysis →
analyses 分析
oasis →
oases 绿洲
parenthesis
→ parentheses 括号
axis →
axes 轴心
ellipsis →
ellipses 日蚀
hypothesis →
hypotheses 假定
synopsis →
synopses 内容提要
erratum →
errata 勘误误表
addendum →
addenda 补遗、附录
medium →
media 媒体
（以上单词熟悉即可）
（三）. 复合名词复数形式：
1. 中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：
bookshelf →
bookshelves handful →
handfuls
2. man 和 woman 构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。
man servant → men
servants
woman teacher → women
teachers
3. 中间有连字符的合成词，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：
sister-in-law →
sisters-in-law
looker-on → lookers-on
editor-in-chief →
editors-in-chief
4. 下列合成名词后一个词上变化：
sit-in →
sit-ins, grown-up →
grown-ups
stand-by →
stand-bys touch-me-not →
touch-me-nots go-between →
go-betweens
（四）. 名词所有格
1. 在大多数名词末加 “‘s”
the boy’s toy, men’s
work
2. 以s结尾的复数名词直接加 ‘
the students’ reading
room
3. 以s结尾的单数名词加‘
Dickens’
novels
The actress’
performance
4. 合成名词在最后一个词上加 “s”
her brother-in-law’s
piano.
Somebody else’s books.
（重要！）
【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“‘s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中
an hour’s
drive, a mile’s journey
ten pounds’
weight.
Beijing’s
weather
the earth’s surface
a stone’s
throw 投石之距离
at one’s wits
end 智穷计尽
to one’s heart’s
content 尽情地
by a hair’s
breadth 千钧一发
at a snail’s
pace
缓慢地
5. 双重所有格：
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
a friend of
mine（名词性物主代词）
a child of hers
the love poems of your
sister’s
注意区别：
●
a portrait of her mother
她母亲的画像（画中人）
●
a portrait of her mother’s
她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）
测试精编：
1. Julie
went to the _______ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes
store
B. shoe’s
store
C. shoe
store
D. shoes’
store
2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough
money to make change for a _______ bill.
A.
ten-dollar
B.
ten-dollars
C.
tens-dollar
D.
ten-dollar’s
3. Recently, he has lost all his _______ at cards.
A. wage and
saving
B. wages and
saving
B. wage and
savings
D. wages and savings
4. I want _______.
A. a dollar worth candy
B. candy a dollar’s
worth
C. a dollar’s worth of
candy
D. a dollar worth’s
candy
5. The surroundings a child grows up in usually _______ an effect
on his development.
A. have
B.
had
C. do
D.
has
第三章形容词、副词比较级和最高级
Comparative
degree & Superlative degree
比较级构成方式：
A. adj/adv + er/est
poor → poorer →
poorest
fast →
faster → fastest
B. 词尾e + r/st
large → larger →
largest
fine → finer
→ finest
C. 重读闭音节中短元音 + 辅音词尾 → 双写辅音词尾 + er/est。
big → bigger →
biggest
hot → hotter
→ hottest
D. 辅音 + y → I + er/est
dry → drier →
driest
angry →
angrier → angriest
E. 多音节形容词及副词：
more +
adj/adv
most +
adj/adv
F. 不规则变化：
good/well → better →
best
bad/ill →
worse → worst
many/much → more →
most
little → less → least
late → later → latest
late → latter → last
far → farther →
farthest
far → further →
furthest
【用法示例】：
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：
(1)
Ø. He
looks stronger than I (do).
Ø. The
climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing.
Ø. My
Schoolbag is larger than hers.
Ø. The
book is much more interesting than that one.
(2)
Ø. It is
getting colder and colder.
Ø. She is
becoming more and more beautiful.
笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由and 连在一起，表示“越来越……”
(3)
Ø. The
older we grow, the poorer our memory will be.
Ø. The
earlier we start, the sooner we’ll get there.
笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越...... 越…… ”
(4)
Ø. I
prefer the cheaper one of the tow books.
Ø. Of the
two brothers, he is the cleverer.
笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the
cleverest.
最高级构成方式：
三者或三者以上进行比较， “the + 形容词/副词est”。
(1) John is the tallest of the three.
He runs fastest in our
class.（副词的最高级the可省略）
This is the most difficult
book I’ve read.
(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the
class.（有than时只用比较级）
She is younger than all the
other students.
测试精编：
1. She is _______ than _______.
A. busier/us
加载中…