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【北京】历经沧桑的新文化街与琉璃厂文化街

(2018-06-24 16:29:00)
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分类: 风光摄影

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  北京新文化街位于西城区西单以南宣武门以北,东西走向。原为石附马大街,1966年(文革“破四旧”时)改为新文化街。

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  新文化街东段路北为鲁迅中学,是原北平女子师范大学旧址。建筑沧桑古朴,院前的大门以及门前的上马石都保留着原样,忠实地记录着悲壮的历史。1926年3月18日,以刘和珍为代表的女师大学生就是由这里出发,前往段祺瑞执政府请愿的。为此鲁迅先生写下了著名的《纪念刘和珍君》一文,现在鲁迅中学院内还保存着当年“三一八惨案”的纪念碑。

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  新文化街原来的克勤郡王府,是清初“八大铁帽子王”王府之一。王府保存完好,大门十分气派,王府内的建筑如后寝门、后罩房等也比较完整,现是北京第二实验小学。

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  基督教中华圣公会教堂,是全国重点文物保护单位。

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  琉璃厂文化街,离北京新文化街不远,最早是辽代城郊的一个穷僻小村。元代定都北京后,开始在这里设窑烧制皇宫用的琉璃瓦,因此而得名。自清朝中叶起,琉璃厂逐渐地热闹起来,每逢科举会试,文人雅士常常聚集在这里。于是,商人小贩开始在这里开铺设摊,当时以书铺为最,古玩、字画、文房四宝等次之。旧时还没有今日图书馆之说,所以文人所需的图书资料,只得来琉璃厂寻找。外地来京应试的文人举子也常来这里购买自己所需要的书籍,于是琉璃厂俨然已成为京都的文化中心。自乾隆三十八年(1773年)皇上开馆修订“四库全书”以来,琉璃厂文化街更显得繁荣。当时,已经初具规模的“厂甸”市场,加之康熙年间开始形成的“庙市”,使整个琉璃厂文化街热闹非凡。关于当时的盛况,清人劳之辨在《琉璃厂行》一诗中绘曰:“正阳门外闹元宵,金犊花聪意气骄。十里香尘迷锦幛,三更烟火走虹桥。繁华更数琉璃厂,五色云中黄赤镶”。这种景象历久不衰,到民国期间更是名人雅士消遣“寻宝”之地。

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  琉璃厂文化街有许多著名老店,如槐荫山房、古艺斋、瑞成斋、萃文阁、一得阁、李福寿笔庄等,还有中国最大的古旧书店中国书店,以及西琉璃厂原有的三大书局——商务印书馆、中华书局、世界书局。而琉璃厂最著名的老店则是荣宝斋,荣宝斋的前身是“松竹斋”,光绪年间取“以文会友,荣名为宝”之意,更名为“荣宝斋”。著名书法家陆润庠题写了“荣宝斋”三个字。清末,文人墨客常聚此地,而民国年间老一辈书画家如于右任、张大千、吴昌硕、齐白石等也是这里的常客。

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