常见的肯定形式表示否定意义
■anything but 决不 (=not…at all)
Your answer is anything but perfect. 你的答复一点儿也不完美。
注:该结构也可如下例一般,表示“除~外,任何都…”之意:
I’ll give you anything but that. 除了那个之外,我什么都可以给你。
■far from 完全不
The show was far from being a success. 那次表演并不成功。
■fail to 无法~ (=do not, cannot)
Even Big Ben failed to strike correctly one day when its chiming mechanism failed. 即使是大笨钟(英国国会议堂大钟),都有可能因为敲钟装置故障而有敲错的一天。
注:never fail to 意为“一定”。如:
He never fails to write home to his parents every month. 他每个月必定写信给他的双亲。
■too…to… 太……,以致无法……
He was too young to have learned to say no to a woman. 他太年轻了,还没学会向女人说不。
■the last+名词+to不定式〔关系代词从句〕 最不……
Jack would be the last man to believe that. 杰克是绝对不可能相信这种事的人。
He is the last person who(m) we would want to come. 他是我们最不欢迎的人。
■much [still] less 更别提
He can hardly understand French, much less Latin. 他不太懂法文,更别提拉丁文。
注:let alone 也有“更别说”之意:
He cannot speak German, let alone Dutch. 他不会说德文,更别提丹麦文了。
■know better than to 还没笨到……
I know better than to do such a thing. 我还没笨到去做那种事。
■(but) in vain (但却)无法办到
He tried to open the door, (but) in vain. 他试着要开门,但却做不到。
■more than 无法……
The heat was more than he could stand. 那种炎热的程度是他所不能忍受的。
■beyond 无法……
The scenery is beautiful beyond description. 那里的风景美得非笔墨可形容。
■be above 是……之力所不能及,无法……
Her lecture was above me (=my understanding). 她上的课超乎我能理解的范围。
He is above telling lies. 他不屑撒谎。
■be free from 没有,不
This district is free from air pollution. 这个地方是没有空气污染的。
注:be free of 也可表示:没有。如(from www.yygrammar.com):
Some day the world may be free of hunger. 也许有一天世界能免于饥荒。
双重否定的用法与说明
■正如汉语说的“没有~不……”一样,英语有时也可使用这样“否定的否定”,即所谓的双重否定。正如 (-1) × (-1) = (+1) 一样,双重否定的结果是肯定的。 如:
没有人不同情那位意外的牺牲者。
There was no one who did not feel sympathy for the victims of the accident.
=Everyone felt sympathy for the victims of the accident.
一个家庭在日常生活中使用一辆以上的车子并不特别稀奇。
It is not unusual for a family to have more than one car to use in daily life.
=It is usual for a family to have more than one car to use in daily life.
没有人没东西吃的(from www.yygrammar.com)。
Nobody had nothing to eat.
=Everyone had something to eat.
■ never...without...型双重否定,其意为:没有~决不……;要~一定会……
The dog never crosses a street without stopping at the curb. 那只狗每次要过街时,都会在人行道边缘停下来。
■双重否定就内容而言虽是表肯定的,但和原本就是肯定形者并不完全相同。比方说,not unusual (并非不寻常) 与usual (普通) 在感觉上就不完全相同,多了一点儿犹豫的情绪。
■双重否定用于表示肯定的内容时,因形式上仍属否定句,所以附加问句为肯定形。如:
No Japanese breakfast is complete without misosoup, is it? 没有味噌汤的日式早餐就不够完整,不是吗?
含蓄否定句
英语中有时可用never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, scarcely ever (指次数极少) 以及barely, hardly, scarcely (=not just几乎不) 等副词组成否定句和近似否定句,含有这类词或词组的句子就叫“含蓄否定句”。如:
We never see them nowadays. 如今我们全看不到他们了。
We hardly (ever) / scarcely (ever) / rarely see them nowadays. 如今我们难得见到他们了。
We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it. 我们很少住旅馆,因为我们住不起。
Nowadays, we drive down to the coast only rarely. 如今,我们可难得开车去海边。
This soup is hardly / barely / scarcely warm (enough). 这汤不怎么 (够) 热。
She plays hardly / barely / scarcely well enough. 她演奏得不够好。
It might stop raining, but I hardly / scarcely think it likely. 雨也许会停,可是我认为不大可能。
Jimmy barely knows his multiplication tables yet. 吉米还不太会背九九表。
You never / seldom work on Sundays, do you? 你从不 / 几乎不在星期天工作,是吗?
She had a lot of friends and was usually asked out in the evenings, so she seldom spent an evening at home. 她有很多朋友,晚上常被邀请外出,因此她晚上很少在家里呆着。
注意,由于hardly, barely和scarcely等本身是否定词,所以不可与not或never 连用。
never…but…用法说明
never...but... 是一种双重否定句型,意为“没有……不……”或“要是……的话,就必定.……”。如:
I never see her but I want to kiss her. 我没有哪一次见到她而不想吻她;我每次见到她都想吻她。
It never rains but it pours. 没有一次下雨不是倾盆而下;不雨而已,一雨倾盆。(常指不好的事接踵而来)。
He never comes but he brings something for the children. 他哪次来都要给孩子们带些东 西。
注:这类句型中的“but+句子”,有时可与“without+名词或动名词等”替换,如:
I never see you but I think of my brother.=I never see you without thinking of my brother. 我一见到你就想起我的兄弟来。
否定口语not exactly与not really的用法
口语表达中的not exactly和not really结构相似,用法也比较接近,尽管在某些特殊情况下可以互换,但在多数情况下仍有较大区别。本文将两者进行归纳和对比,希望大家能从中看出其相似之处和不同之处。
一、not exactly的口语用法
1. 表示轻微的否定,意为“不很”。如:
He’s not exactly stupid, but he’s too lazy. 他不很蠢,但他太懒了。
He’s not exactly angry—he’s just acting. 他倒不是真生气——只是装装样子罢了。
He’s not exactly nice-looking, and yet he has enormous charm. 他并不十分好看,可是他很有魅力。
2. 表示不完全否定,意为“不完全是”“不完全如此”“不全对”。 如:
A:Do you mean to say he’ll refuse us? 你的意思是说他会拒绝我们?
B:Not exactly. 不完全如此。
A:So you missed the meeting. 所以你就错过了这次会议。
B:Not exactly. I got there five minutes before it finished. 不完全是这样, 我在散会前五分钟赶到了那儿。
3. 表示语气很强的否定,意为“绝不”“一点也不”。如:
A:You look very tired. Did you sleep at all last night? 你看上去很疲倦的样子,你昨晚没睡觉吗?
B:No, not really. I’m tired out now. 没有,一点没睡。我现在已是筋疲力尽了。
二、not really的口语用法
1. 表示轻微的否定,意为“不很”。如:
A:Are you busy now? 你现在忙吗?
B:Oh, not really. Why? 哦,不怎么忙,有什么事?
A:Do you want to come along? 你想同我们一起去吗?
B:Not really. 不很想去。
A:He tried to explain it to me but I justcouldn’t understand. Do you? 他设法给我解释,可我就是听不懂,你懂吗?
B:Not really. 不很懂。
2. 表示怀疑或不相信,意为“不会吧”“不见得”“不会是真的吧”。如:
A:He’s leaving tomorrow. 他明天就要走了。
B:Not really. 不会吧。
A:They got married last month. 他们上个月结婚了。
B:Not really. 不会是真的吧(from www.yygrammar.com)!
3. 表示语气很强的否定,意为“真的没有”“的确没有”。如:
A:Did you watch the news on TV last night? 你昨天晚上看电视新闻了吗?
B:Not really. 确实没有。
否定转移的形式与用法
一、动词的否定转移
1. 形式上否定主句的谓语,实际上是否定从句的谓语
当动词think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, feel的主语是第一人称、谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时,它们的否定式实际上是对宾语从句的否定。表示说话者提出一种委婉的看法或主张。如:
I think that he will help us. —I don’t think that he will help us. 我认为它不会帮助我们。
I believe that he is right. —I don’t believe that he is right. 我认为他不对。
I suppose that he likes it. —I don’t suppose that he likes it. 我想他不喜欢它。
2. 形式上否定谓语动词,实际上否定复合宾语
当动词think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, feel, find的主语是第一人称、谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时,它们前面的否定式实际上是对复合宾语的否定。表示说话者所提出的一种委婉的看法或主张。如:
I think math difficult. — I don’t think math difficult. 我认为数学不难。
I find the story interesting. — I don’t find the story interesting. 我认为这个故事没有趣。
I expect so. —I don’t expect so. 我认为不会。
注意:动词think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, feel在下列情况下,否定不转移:
(1) 这些动词跟其他另一个动词一起做并列谓语时,否定不转移。如:
I believe and hope he won’t do that. 我相信并且也希望他将不会那样做。
I feel and admit that we are not foolish. 我觉得并且也承认我们并不愚蠢。
(2) 用于疑问句时,否定不转移。如:
Do you think it is not going to rain? 你认为天不会下雨吗?
Don’t you believe that he has done a good thing? 难道你不相信他做了一件好事?
(3) 用作插入语时,否定不转移。如:
Li Lei, I think, won’t be angry with you. 我想李蕾不会生你的气。
Tom, I suppose, won’t be against it. 我猜想汤姆不会反对。
Mike, I believe, hasn’t seen the film. 我认为迈克没有看这场电影。
(4) 动词前有其他副词修饰时,否定不转移。如:
I really don’t think it’s necessary for us to go there now. 我的确不认为我们有必要去那儿。
I feel strongly that he shouldn’t do such a thing. 我强烈地认为他不应该做那样的事。
(5) 动词为非一般现在时或主语不是第一人称时,否定不转移。
I thought that he wouldn’t come back soon. 我原以为他不会回来得这么快。
She didn’t believe that he became a good boy. 她不相信它变成了一个好孩子。
He thinks that he isn’t fit for the job. 他认为他不适合这件工作。
He doesn’t believe that what we told him is true. 他不相信我们告诉他的事是真的。
(6) 当宾语从句中含的否定为not…at all, not a little, not a few, not enough, can’t help等固定搭配时,否定不转移。如:
I think that he doesn’t know it at all. 我想他对那一点也不知道。
I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well. 我认为如果你想把这门语言学好,那么只记单词是不够的。
I believe that you can’t help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games. 我相信当你在奥运会上获得第一名时你会情不自禁地唱起国歌来。
(7) 当宾语从句中含no, nothing, nobody, nowhere, hardly, seldom, little, few等否定词或半否词时,否定不转移。如:
I believe that nothing can make me give it up. 我想任何事情也不能使我放弃。
I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea. 我认为如果这艘船沉入海底的话,那么谁也逃不掉。
I suppose that he is a man of few words. 我猜想他是一个言语不多的人。
二、语的否定转移
有些句子形式上否定谓语动词,实际上是对句子后面状语进行否定。如:
Let’s not talk about it here. 我们别在这里谈吧。
Don’t read in the sun. 不要在阳光下看书。
Don’t talk with your mouth full of food. 不要口里含着食物说话。
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