英语中的动词根据词汇意义可分为动作动词和状态动词，其中动作动词又可细分为终止性动词（或称为瞬间动词、非延续性动词、非持续性动词、界限性动词）和持续性动词（或称为延续性动词）；表示动作一发生即告结束的动词叫终止性动词，表示持续一段时间的动词叫持续性动词。这种依据动作是否可以延续的分类在英语中是一种极其重要而又非常有价值的，使用时一定要格外小心，不然就会犯错误。
一、现在完成时态的结构是have/has ＋Ｖ　动词过去分词．英语中常见的终止性动词有：leave， go，come，arrive，begin，buy，borrow，die，join， become，marry，graduate，become等。由于终止性动词所表示的动作发生与结束在一瞬间完成，所以终止性动词的完成体的肯定式既不能与表示一段时间的状语for ＋时间段或 since ＋时间点连用，也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句之中。例句：
我哥哥参军两年了。My brother has joined the army for two

years．（误）
我哥哥自1999年就参军了。My brother has joined the army since 1999．（误）
你哥哥参军多久了？How long has your brother joined the

army ？（误）
如用持续性动词表示瞬间的行为，则必须借助come（表示动作的渐进过程），begin， get（表示动作的变化过程）等动词。例句：
I studied English thirteen years ago．（误）
I began to study English thirteen years ago．（正）
When did you know him？（误）
When did you get to know him ？（正）
二、终止性动词肯定形式可使用完成体，但其肯定形式的完成体不能与一段时间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换：
⑴时态替换法
将时间状语改为“时间段＋ago”，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句：
My brother joined the army two years ago．
The old man died ten years ago．
He left his hometown thirty years ago．
⑵句型替换法
①用It is（或has been）＋时间段＋ since…句型改写，该句型中since后面的谓语动词多为点动词，且常用一般过去时。例句：
It is（或has been）two years since my brother joined the

army．
It is ten years since the old man died．
It is（或has been）thirty years since he left his hometown．
注：Itis／hasbeen．．．since．．．句型中的动词若为持续性动词，计时的起点是since句中动词结束之点。不然应将since句中的动词改为begin to do sth．。例句：
It's five years since he studied English．他不学英语已五年了。
It's five years since he began to study English．他学英语已五年了。
②用一段时间＋has ／have passed since S＋V-ed句型改写。例句：
Two years has ／have passed since my brother joined the

army．
Thirty years has ／have passed since he left his hometown．
⑶动词替换法
若保留for ＋时间段，since ＋时间点或用在how long句型中，需将终止性动词改为相应的持续性动词或状态动词。例句：
My brother has been in the army for two years．
Jack has been a postman for about six years．
When he came home，I had been asleep for three hours．
Of course I know him very well because we have been friends for ages．
—How long have you been here？
—About two months．
三、常见终止性动词与持续性动词（或状态动词）的对应关系如下：
leave→be away（from） 离开
borrow→keep借
finish ／end ／stop→be over 结束/完成
join the army→be ／serve in the army ／be a soldier入伍/参军
join the Party→be in the Party ／be a Party member 入党/（入团/入WTO等）
catch ／get a cold→have a cold感冒
fall asleep→be asleep 睡着
go to school→be in school／be a student上学
go abroad--- be abroad去国外
begin→be on 开始
put on（上演）→be on 上演
buy→have 买
become→be 成为
marry→be married（to）结婚
wake up→be awake 醒
make friends with→be friends with成为/交朋友
lose→be lost ／be missing ／be gone 丢失
lose one's job ／work→be out of work ／a job
open/ciose /die →be open/closed/dead  开办/关闭/死
短暂性动词变延续性动词(一定变为对应的过去分词规则+ed ,不规则看过去分词表)：写出括号中的中文意思:
 1).has /have joined ---  has /have  been (a member ) in+ 组织(加入)
 2) has /have come/gone /got/ arrived --- has /have  been to (   /    /    /    )
  has /have  begun ---   has /have  been on  (     )
3) has /have borrowed ---  has /have kept  (      )      
 4)  has /have bought --- has /have had (     )
５) has /have  left --- has /have been away from (     )

６) has /have opened /closed/died ---has /have  been open /closed/dead
（　／　／　／）

【强化训练】最佳选择:
１（ A ）1My brother ____ the Youth League for two years．
A．has been in B．has entered C．has taken part in D．has joined in
(   C )2—____have you been away from home？
—（I have been away from home）For five years．
A．How much B．What time C．How long D．When
（ C ）3 .The meeting ____ for five hours．
A．has finished B．has ended C．has been over D．has stopped
（ D ）4.When Jack arrived，he and Mary ______for almost an hour．(过去完成时态是表示：过去的过去，由had +V -ed 过去分词)
A．had gone B．had set off C．had left D．had been away
（ D ）5 .The baby ____ for eleven hours．
 A．fell asleep     B．has fallen asleep
 C．has got to sleep D．has been asleep
（ D ）6.While I ____ Beijing，it was raining very hard．
 A．got to B．reached C．arrived in D．visited
（ B ）.7.—How long have you ____ ？
—Since two years ago．
 A．fallen ill B．been ill C．left home D．married
（ D ）8.—What was the party like？
—Wonderful．It's years ____ I enjoyed myself so much．
 A．after B．when C．before D．since
（ ）9.—It is weeks since he ____ ．
 —So it is．We'd better ask someone else to help us．
 A．fell ill B．was ill C．is ill D．has been ill
（ Ｂ）10.I'll lend you my book，but you can only＿＿it for three days．
 A．borrow B．keep C．take D．got

ＩＩ.根据中文完成句子.
1)． I ______ the bike a week ago .
  = I ____  ______     the bike _____ a week .(买了)
2) He ______ 2 days ago .=He ____   _____   ____  ______ two days ago . (死了)
3) She ______   ____ a day ago . = She ___   _____   ___for a day.(回来了)
4) The factory ___    ___  _____. for a year = It __ a year ____   the factory ______  a year  ago .(开办了)

她加入希望工程一年了.
1) She has been in  Project Hope for a year.
  she has been _____ ______ ____  Project Hope  for a year.
他两月前入了党.
2) He joined the Party two months ago .
  He _____ _____ ____ Party member for two months.
  He _____ _____ ____ the Party since two years ago.
  It is two months ______ he ______ the Party.
3).在过去的20多年中,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化.
China _______   ______ a  lot _____ the past 20 years .
4)你去国外多久了?5年半.
 ____  ________  _____ you ______  ________ ? ___ 5.5 years .
5).你曾经去过国外吗?未曾去过.
______ you _____ ____ ? Never .

ＩＩＩ.最佳选择

(  )1. I __ the way. I __ here for quite many years.
      A. knew…have lived    B. knew…live   
      C. know…have lived    D. know…live
(  )2. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.
     A. Have…gone to   B. Have…gone in    
     C. Have…been to    D. Have …been in
(   )3. My brother ____college for over three years.
    A. has gone to  B. has been to  C. has been at
( B )4. He ___ the Army by the end of 1989.
    He ___ in the army since then.
     A. joined…is      B. has joined…has been(过去完成时态)
     C. had joined…is   D. had joined …has been
(   )5. __ you _ the text yet ? Yes, we __ it two hours ago.
    A. Did…copy…did     B. Have…copied…have
    C. Have…copied…did  D. Did …copy…had
 (    )6. “Why ______ she _______ angry ?”
    “Because he _____ at her just now .”
    A. did…get…shouted    B. has…got…shouted
     C. did…get…has shouted
 (   )7. __you __ the film before ? Where __ you __ it ?
      A. Have …seen…did…see
      B. Did …see…have…seen
      C. Have…seen…have…seen
  (   ).8  You ____ me waiting for two hours.
   I ____ for you since five.
   A. kept…waited      B. have kept…waited
   C. kept…have waited D. have kept…have waited
   (  Ｂ）9.Where __ John __ ?
     To the library. He __ there for an hour.
   A. has…been…has gone B. has…gone…has been  
   C. did…go…went      D. did…be…went

八年级短语与翻译复习（ＭＯＤＵＬＥ　１－６）
翻译以下短语

1、犯一些错误_____________

2、给一些建议_____________ 

３、退学_____________
4、参观_____________
5、遍及全世界____________
６、因为____________

7、 在...的帮助下_____________
8.举行音乐会_____________
9、查字典 _____________
10、为...付款 _____________
１１、与 ... 相处得好_____________
１２、究竟 ________

13.对...有益___________

1 4.无所事事 _______________

15.与... 交笔友__________

16.谁在...方面花钱/时间____________________　

１７、兼职工作＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

１８． 在过去的１０年中＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿

翻译句子，完成句子，使句子通顺（10分）
１．我们应该向相互学习和帮助。
We  ____  _____   _____    and ____ _____ _____ .                  .
２．在昨天的舞会他过得非常快乐。
He ________   ________ /_____ a _____   ______  at the party yesterday.

３．中国已经成功发射了嫦娥I号飞船．
China  _____  ______ _____  Chang’eI spacescraft successfully
4、昨晚８:00,Kate正在听音乐。
Kate   ＿＿　＿＿＿　＿＿＿   music  at ８:00 last night.
5、他不但是个作曲家，也是一个音乐家。
他　＿＿　＿＿＿　a composer_____　　______ musician.
６.地球围绕太阳转．
The earth＿＿　＿＿＿    the sun .
他未曾去过国外．
8.He  ＿＿＿　＿＿＿　＿＿＿　＿＿＿　．　　                      .

    （Mr Yin   Nov  2  2007 ）