Daniilovichi secured the throne of Vladimir they gained favour in Novgorod
by defending its commercial interests and securing its trade routes. But while
Iurii Daniilovich, who was competing with the princes of Tver’, pursued such
policies in the service of Novgorod’s need to keep its routes open, Ivan Dani-
ilovich did so to control Novgorod and its commercial resources.
Although in their capacity of grand princes of Vladimir and princes of Nov-
gorod the Daniilovichi engaged inmilitary campaigns against the Swedes and
the Livonian Order, their focus was not on the western frontier of the Russian
lands.While they were engaged in their struggle with the princes of Tver’ and
winning the support of the Golden Horde khans for the throne of Vladimir,
Prince Gedimin of Lithuania (1316–41) was extending his influence over west-
ern Russian principalities. Smolensk, Chernigov and Kiev all pledged their
allegiance to him and his successor, Ol’gerd (1345–77). After Iurii II of Galicia
and Volynia died in 1340, Volynia also fell under Lithuanian control. Gedimin
also arranged the marriage of his daughter to Dmitrii Mikhailovich of Tver’
(1320) and responded to Pskov’s request for a prince (1323). When Novgorod
turned to Lithuania for PrinceNarimunt in 1332, itwas clear thatNovgorod too
was considering Lithuania as an alternative to Vladimir. Lithuania’s expansion
was penetrating into north-western Russia and challenging the pre-eminence
of the princes of Moscow.73
The Church
Although the Golden Horde had confirmed Iurii Dolgorukii’s heirs as the
ruling dynastic branch in Vladimir, it negated the Kievan Rus’ legacy when it
appointed the Daniilovichi to be grand princes of Vladimir. The Daniilovichi
adopted policies, furthermore, that weakened bonds with the other princi-
palities that had formed Kievan Rus’ while they consolidated their authority
within the territorial framework of northern Russia. In contrast to the dynasty,
the Church, the other institution that had given identity and definition to
Kievan Rus’, did not narrow its range of interests or its field of operations.
Its metropolitans continued to regard the Orthodox population throughout
all the lands of Kievan Rus’ as their flock and resisted efforts to divide their
ecclesiastical realm.
The first metropolitans to head the Russian Church after the Mongol inva-
sionwereKirill (Cyril; 1242–80/1) andMaksim(Maximus; 1282/3–1305).Despite
the reported destruction of the city, Kiev remained their base of operation
一四八
until the end of the century. Their activities and concerns, however, cov-
ered the entire see. Thus, Kirill, although nominated for his office by Prince
Danylo of Galicia, travelled throughout his domain during his tenure in office.
He was reported to have been in north-eastern Russia on at least six occa-
sions. He was in Vladimir to welcome Aleksandr Nevskii on his return to
the city in 1252 and he officiated at Nevskii’s funeral in 1263; Kirill himself
died in Pereiaslavl’-Zalesskii.When not travelling, he remained at Kiev; after
his death his body was returned there.74
Maksim similarly served all sec-
tors of his domain.75
In 1299, Maksim moved the metropolitan’s residence to
Vladimir.76
Like the princes of Vladimir, themetropolitans attempted to accommodate
the GoldenHorde. In 1261,Metropolitan Kirill arranged for a newbishopric to
be established at Sarai. Shortly afterManguTemir became khan, he issued spe-
cial privileges to the Church, relieving its personnel from tax obligations and
military service. Clergy, in return, prayed for the khan, and thereby acknowl-
edged himas the legitimate suzerain of their people.77
In the 1340s,Metropoli-
tan Feognost was obliged to deal with alterations in Church privileges made
by Khan Janibek.78
But unlike the north-eastern Russian princes,who reduced their interaction
with western and south-western Russian principalities and reoriented their
political focus to northern Russia and the Golden Horde,Maksimand his suc-
cessors, Petr (1308–25), Feognost (1328–53) and Aleksei (1354–78), became pre-
occupied with preserving the integrity of their ecclesiastical realm. Attempts
to divide the Rus’ metropolitanate were initiated soon after Maksim vacated
Kiev. The first challenge to the see’s unity came from Galicia c.1303, when a
metropolitanate was created for the bishoprics in south-western Rus’.79
It was
short-lived. When Prince Iurii L’vovich of Galicia, Danylo’s grandson, pro-
posed Petr as his nominee to become the second metropolitan of that see, his
candidatewas selected instead to succeedMaksim(d. 1305) as themetropolitan
一四九
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