第一节 连接符号
一、破折号
1. 破折号与连字符的区别
2. 破折号连接句子是，用来强调第一各句子，以补充意思的不足
   He is trash-he is good for nothing.
3. 破折号也可以用来连接同位语
  He finally made his purpose known to us -to run after Susan.
  他终于让我们知道了他的目的-追求苏珊
  His hobby -taking pictures -is a far cry from mine.
  动名词做同位语
二、冒号
  用来强调前面句子中的名词
    He has made his goal known; he wants to be a scientist.
    他已经让大家知道他的目标了；他要当科学家
三、分号
1. 此类符号等于逗点+连词（and，so，but。。。）
He is a man of principle; we all respect him.= He is a man of principle, so we all respect him.
He is a photographer; quite foten he travels abroad to take pictures. =He is a photographer , and quite often he travels abroad to take pictures.

2. 分号代替逗号
并列词语原本用逗点相隔，再以并列连词相连，但若某并列词语中间有插入语时，会多出一些逗点。为了句意清楚起见，可用分号取代逗点
He said that he had no money , that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.
有三个that 从句， 以and连接， 共做said 的宾语， 因此这从句称为并列从句，用逗点相隔。 先加入插入语
He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on ; and that he expected me to help him.
(他说没钱，又因脾气不好而没有朋友可依靠，所以希望我能帮助他）
插入语 because of his ill temper
同理，
He enjoys dancing , swimming and jogging.
He enjoys dancing , which is his hobby; swimming, which he often does on Sundays ; and jogging.
（他喜欢跳舞，那是他的嗜好；也喜欢周日去游泳；还喜欢慢跑)

第二节 并列连词
一、连词 
and ， or ， but
用以连接并列的单词、短语或句子，或称为并列连词
1.单词
  He and I enjoy singing.
  He is kind and handsome 他仁慈又英俊
  He doesn't like her but hates her. 他不是喜欢她而是恨他
2. 短语
  I came to see him and (to) tell him the truth.并列的不定式短语
  （我来见他冰告诉他实情）
  Does he wok in  Taipei or in Kaohsinmg. 并列的介词短语
  他在台北还是高雄工作？
  He is not good at English but poor at it. 并列的形容词短语做主语补语  
（他英文不是很好，而是很差）
3. 句子
 He works hard, and his father is proud of him 并列的主句
（他很努力而他父亲以他为荣）
 Did he fail because he was lazy or because he was careless? 并列的副词从句
（他失败是因为他懒惰还是因为他粗心？）
 I like John, who is easy to get along with   but whose brother is too arrogant to acssociate with.
（我喜欢约翰，他很容易相处，而他弟弟却很自大，无法相处）
 
二、连词短语
and -> both ...and... (一方面...同时也...)
or -> either ...or...（要不就是...要不就是。。。/或者...或者...）
neither...nor (既非...亦非...)
but-> not....but.... （并非...而是....)
not only ...bu also...(不仅．．．而且．．．）
 1.单词
  Both Peter and Mary work hard.
  He is not kind but cruel.
 2. 短语
  He went to the United States not only to learn English but (also)
to know more about American culture. 并列的不定式短语
(他去美国不仅去学英语，也是去了解美国文化）
  He succeeded both because of his intelligence and because of his hard work.并列的介词短语 （他成功即因为他的聪明亦因他的努力。）
3. 从句
He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard. 并列的副词从句
（他成功积因为他聪明又因为他努力。）
Not only can she sing, but she can (also) dance. 并列的主语
（她不仅会唱歌，她也会跳舞）

三、as well as 与 rather than
as well as  ...以及...
rather than ...而非...
1.单词
  You as well as John like it. 并列的主语 （你和约翰都喜欢它）
  He is happy rather than sad . 并列的形容词 （他很快乐，而步伤心）
2.短语
  He is interested in music rather than in painting. 并列的介词短语
 （他对音乐有兴趣，并非对绘画有兴趣）
  He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life. 并列的不定式短语 （他来此学英语及了解更多有关生活的事情）
3.从句
  He failed because he was lazy rather than because he was not intelligent. 并列的副词从句 他失败是因为懒，并非是因为他不聪明。
  I love her because she is kintelligent as well as because she is considerate.  并列的副词从句
（我爱她因为她聪明，爷因为她体贴）

注意：
as well as 或 rather than 连接主语时，该句动词始终要随第一个主语做变化
He as well as I is interested in music= He no less than I is interested in music.= He together with me is interested in music.
= He along with me is interested in music.
(他和我都对音乐有兴趣）

注意：
 由于 as well as 与 no less than 为并列连词，故后结主格形式I，以与 He 并列。 而together with 或along with 则为介词，故后接宾格形式me，以作为with 的宾语。
He rather than I is interested in music.=
He instead of me is interested in music.
=He not I, is interested in musci
（他对音乐感兴趣，而我则不）

P111
注意：
 由于rather than 为并列连词，故之后接主格形式I，以与He 并列。而instead Of 则为介词，故之后接宾格形式me，以作为of 的宾语。not 也可以视为并列连词，等于rahter than ，惟使用时，not 之前应加逗点
I like this book, not that one.= I like this book rather than that one.
四、连接词做主语应用时的注意事项
使用 both ...and .../either...or.../neither ...nor../not...but/not only ...but also 等连词短语时要注意：
1.Both ...and 之后，始终接复数动词；其余连词连接主语时，动词则要随最近的主语做单复数变化。
Both he and I are happy about it.
Either he or I am wrong.
Neither you nor he is to blame.
Not he but I am to be responsible for it.
Not only they but (also) John has passed the exam.
Is not only he but also I wrong?  Is 和he 距离最近故用Is （不仅是他，而且连我都错了吗？

2.连词的使用
both ...and .../neither..nor/not....but...等三组连词短语通常不用来连接主句，而not only ...but also...则可用来连接主语，惟not only 引导的主句要采用倒装结构。
（1）所谓主句就是一开头就有主语出现的句子，它可单独存在，也就是俗称简单句；亦可与副词从句、形容词从句并存。
   He is good.
  （Peter is a man 主句） who never lies 形容词从句
  （He 主语） said (that he liked it。名词从句做宾语）
   （When he came, 副词从句 ）, (I was studying.主句）
（2）(Both he is good at English 主句）,（ and he is good at math 主句）.(错）-> He is good at both English and math.

P113
 
3.not only ..., but also 的应用规则
not only 是否定副词的关系，若置于主句之前，该从句要采用倒装结构。而but also则为连词，所连接的第二主句不需要倒装。
（1）be 动词的倒装
   Not only is he clever,but he is polite.
 (2)助动词的倒装
   Not only can she sing, but she can dance.
   Not only has he learned a lot from his teacher, but he has done quite well in academic affairs

(3)一般动词
  Not only does she sing well, but she dances beautifully.
  Not only do I hate him, but I feel like killing him.

 4. not only ...but also (中间没有逗号）
 其中 also 通常可以省略。若不省略，则连接单词或短语时but also 不可分开，但连接主句时， but also 一定要分开，也就是将also 置于主句之后。
（1） 连接单词或短语
 She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. 单词
 She is interested not olny in music but also in art.介词短语
（2）连接主句
    Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.

5. not only...but also...
= not only ...but ...as well

6. not only ...but also

五、连词的独立用法
and ,or ,but 通常置于两个并列的主句之后，以发挥连词的功能。
  有时and or ，but 变成大写，置于单一的主句句首，形成独立的用法。惟此类用法必须要有上下文才能存在
He was not sure as to how to handle the problem, but I told him not to worry about it until his father came. And he took my advice.
(他不能确定如何处理这个问题，但是我告诉他在他父亲来以前别担心。而他接受了我的劝告）

 

第三节 连接副词
一、连接副词只能连接从句
二、常用的连接副词
because ,though （虽然） ，if（如果），unless （除非），as soon as（一...就...)，when,once（一旦）
三、连接副词引导副词从句，修饰主句
  连接副词冠于任何一个从句前面，该从句就成为副词从句（状语从句），而副词从句不可单独存在，一定要依赖主句（一开头就是主语的简单句）。整个副词从句可视为副词，用来修饰主句。

四、副词从句的位置
连接副词所引导的从句置于主句之后，两句间通常不加逗点，但置于主句之前，则通常置逗点。
Though he did poorly on the exam, his father didn't blame him= His father didn't blame him though he did poorly on the exam.

五、避免双重连接
because 。。。so(错）
though 。。。but （错）

六、条件句与主句的时态
when ,if , once ,as soon as , unless 等连接副词所引导的从句，亦可表示一种条件，形成所谓的条件句。若用来表示未来的状态时，该条件句要用现在时（或现在完成时）的时态，主句则要用将来时的时态。即：

If/Once/As soon as /Unless/When +现在完成时(现在时），主语+will +原形动词
When I am rich , I will buy a car.
If he has time, he 'll come here
As soon as I have done it , I'll let you know.
Once I am free, I will take a trip abroad.
How long will it be before he comes?

七、连接性副词
有些副词有连词意味，确不能用做连词。此类副词成为连接性副词。此类副词前面要有分号，用以连接两句
1. however, nevertheless (然而) 有连词but 的意味
He is nice; however, /nevertheless  I don't like them.
=He is nice ,but I don't like him= He is nice. However,/Nevertheless I don't like him.

注意
however 之后通常要加逗点，nevertheless 加不加均可。
 however 也可以插入句中，两旁以逗点相隔
He is nice; I, however, don't like him.

2. therefore, thus （因此） 有连词so 的意味
He is kind; therefore/ thus  we all like him.= He is kind , so we like him.= He is kind . Therefore/ Thus we like him. therefore 之后

注意
通常要加逗点，thus 则不加逗点。 therefore 也可以插入句中，两旁以逗点相隔
He is kind; we , therefore , like him.= He is kind. We, therefore, like him.

3. moreover,furthermore,besides, in addition 有连词and 的意味

注意：
 furthermore ,moreover, besides,in addition 通常只置于主语前，而不插入句中

八、while 可作连接副词及并列连词
1.表“当。。。”时，while 视为连接副词，引导副词从句
P124
While I was writing a letter, she was doing the dishes.
2.表“而。。。”时，while 视为并列 连词，引导主句
He is nice, while/whereas his brother is bad= While he is nice , his brother is bad.