8. Sound and Sense
A student of poetry should learn to use his ears as well as his mind and eyes if he is to
understand and enjoy poems. This is because the sound patterns of poems can not only offer delights as music does, but can also offer a way for the reader, if he can recognize them, to understand and enjoy the poem more fully. Many poets use sounds of words as a means to help convey or heighten the ideas of their poems. Generally speaking there are three devices: rhyming of words, onomatopoeia, and phonetic intensives. We have discussed about the rhyming of words in a poem. Now we shall come to
onomatopoeia and phonetic intensives.
8.1 Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the
thing or movements concerned. For instance, “buzz” is the word with an imitative sound a bee makes. When onomatopoeia is applied to poetry it refers to the use of verbal sound to evoke the sound of what the word suggests, for example, coo, hiss, bang, bark, moan, are words imitating respectively the sounds made by a
cuckoo bird, a snake, a door, a dog, and a man in pain. These words are called
onomatopoetic words.
Hark, Hark
Hark, hark!
Bow-wow.
The watchdogs bark
Bow-wow.
Hark, hark, I hear
The strain of strutting chanticleer
Cry, "Cock-a-doodle-doo!"
This little poem by William Shakespeare is full of onomatopoetic sounds. “Hark” and
“bow-wow” are the sounds made by the dog; and "Cock-a-doodle-doo!" is
imitating the cry made by the strutting chanticleer.
As a figure of speech in poetry, onomatopoeia is used for the purpose of adding
vividness or vitality to the description and helps make the description lifelike.
Read the following stanza from To Autumn by John Keats and notice how the
onomatopoetic words help build up a joyous scene of harvest season:
Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too, —
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river-sallows, born aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.
English vocabulary contains a large number of onomatopoetic words, and almost
any sound, or movement can be described in onomatopoetic words. According
to the sound- or movementmaker, onomatopoeia can fall into different categories.
The sound or movement may be made by human beings, by animals, or
by
any other
objects. Poets often use onomatopoetic words as a device to create
appropriate auditory or visual images,
thus to help make their descriptions more
concrete and vivid. Following are some examples:
(1)
"Cuckoo!
Cuckoo, cuckoo!" O word of fear,
Unpleasing to a married ear!
[From Spring by William Shakespeare]
(2)
When blood is nipped and ways be foul,
Then nightly sings the staring owl,
"Tu-whit, tu-who!"
A merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
[From Winter by William Shakespeare]
(3)
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring.
Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing,
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo.
[From Spring by Thomas Nashe]
("Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo" are conventionally imitative sounds made respectively by cuckoo birds, nightingales, peewits or plover, and owls.)
(4)
What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?
Only the monstrous anger of the guns,
Only the stuttering rifle’s rapid rattle
Can patter out their hasty orisons.
(From Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen)
(“Monstrous anger” mimes the explosive power of big guns, and “stuttering rifle’s rapid rattle” is close to the repetitive sound of infantrymen’s quick firing)
(5)
The ice was here, the ice was there,
The ice was all round;
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises in a swound.
(From The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner by S.T. Coleridge)
(Here onomatopoeia in the third line is employed together with other figures of speech like parallelism in the first three lines, anaphora in the first two lines, polysyndeton (repetition of conjunctions “and”) and consonance in the third line; thus the poet depicted to us a lively picture of ice landscape, both visually and audibly).
Following is a list of some of onomatopoetic words:
ding-dong (such as of a bell), pitter-patter (such as of the quick, light beats
of steps or heart), rub-a-dub (such as of a drum), tick-tack or ticktock (such as of a clock
or watch), clatter (of dishes), jangling or tinkling or clanging (of big bells), roll
(of thunder), crack (of a whip), roaster (of a storm), shrieking (of the siren), swish
(of waves), whisper (of a breeze), cackle (of the hen), clank (of chains), clink (of glasses),
crash (of dishes), rattle (of a cart), low (as made by a cattle). There are yet many more:
sneeze, snort, grunt, chatter, hoot, hum, mumble, giggle, squeak, quack, bump,
ooze, twitter, blare, bleat, purr, murmur, whistle, whiz, hiss, hurly-burly, hurry-scurry,
helter-skelter, etc. The list can be endless.
8.2 Phonetic Intensives
(To be continued)
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