《英诗理解指南》
6.2 Types of Imagery
To read a poem is to reexperience what the poet has experienced. As is known,
experience comes to us largely through the senses such as those of sight, hearing, feeling,
touching,
smelling, tasting, etc. So we have various images of different qualities, such as
of visual (seeing), auditory (hearing), tactile(touching),gustatory(tasting),
olfactory (smelling),
kinaesthetic(sensations of movement), thermal (heat and cold),
etc.
Visual imagery is the most frequently occurring kind of imagery in poetry. Following is
a well-known Chinese poem full of typical visual images.
Autumn Thoughts to Sand and Sky *
By Ma Zhiyuan
(1250-1321)
Withered vine, old trees, crows at dusk,
Low bridges, stream running, cottages,
Ancient road, west wind, lean nag,
The sun westering
And a broken heart at the sky’s edge.
* The original:
天净沙 秋思 (元)马致远
枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。
Except the “west wind” that one can feel through tactile sense, visual images dominate
the whole poem. Every detail in this poem calls up in our mind’s eye a vivid but pathetic picture saturated with desolate and sorrowful feelings. The whole poem is a larger picture with
an overtone of desolation and pathos. From this poem we can see that a poet, to some
degree, is also a painter.
But, a poet is more than a mere painter. A poet can act as a musician, too, and his pen
can serve as a sort of musical instrument that can produce various kinds of
sound. When
we read “A pair of orioles sing amid the willows green ” (2), we seem not only able to
see through our mind’s eye the two birds but also to hear through our auditory sense
their singing. Such sound produced by means of words is called auditory
imagery. In
Shakespeare’s poem
Winter the sound made by the owl (“Tu-whit, tu-who!”) is a
merry tune, and so are, in Nashe’s poem Spring, the conventional imitative sounds
made respectively by cuckoos, nightingales, peewits, and owls: “Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we,
to-witta-woo”) .
Poetic imagery often involves movement or motion, too. Images concerning about
movements are called kinaesthetic images. We would like to dance and toss our heads
with Wordsworth’s golden daffodils as we read the lines “Fluttering and dancing in
the breeze” and “Tossing their heads in sprightly dance” (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud).
We would also like to look down with the poet from the eagle’s height among the clouds how
“The wrinkled
sea beneath him craws” (Alfred Tennyson: The Eagle). When Yeats
describes the flying of the falcon in spiral turns in the lines “Turning and turning in the
widening gyre / The falcon cannot hear the falconer”, we feel as if we could see how
the falcon is flying farther and farther away from the falconer.
Multiplex imagery may be employed in a poem to produce an especially effective
impression. The following Chinese poem is an example that describes a precious
spring
evening:
The Precious Spring Eve*
(Song Dynasty) Su Shi (1037-1101)
The fleeting spring eve is as precious as gold:
Flower fragrance drifting in the shady moonlight
Fine singing sounds to wind instrument from tower,
Swinging up and down in the courtyard
late at night.
The original:
*春夜 (宋)苏轼(1037-1101)
春宵一刻值千金,花有清香月有阴。
歌管楼台声细细,秋千院落夜沉沉。
Because of the darkness that prevails at night, visual imagery is barely used in this poem.
The dominating images in the poem are olfactory image of the sweet fragrance given off by
the flowers, auditory image of the soft music sound from the tower, and kinaesthetic image
of playing on the swing in the courtyard. By creating different types of images, the poet has
succeeded in representing a fine and lively picture of “a spring eve as precious as gold”.
Winter
William Shakespeare
When icicles hang by the wall,
And Dick the shepherd blows his nail,
And Tom bears logs into the hall,
And milk comes frozen home in pail;
When blood is nipped and ways be foul,
Then nightly sings the staring owl,
“Tu-whit, tu-who!”
A merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
When all aloud the wind doth blow,
And coughing drowns the parson‘s saw,
And birds sit brooding in the snow,
And Marian’s nose looks red and raw,
When roasted crabs hiss in the bowl,
Then nightly sings the staring owl,
“Tu-whit, tu-who!”
A merry note,
While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.
Shakespeare’s poem Winter communicates the quality of winter life around an English
country house in the sixteenth century. It impresses the reader by a rich cluster of various
types of concrete and homely images. There are sight, movement, sound and color as well
as sensations of cold and smell, all of which suggest that winter life in the countryside is
bitter and foul on the one hand, and merry and pleasant on the other. The poem Winter
shows that so great is the power of imagery that they are able to call up in the reader’s mind
different sensations, such as of smell, taste, cold, heat, hardness, smoothness, dry
and wetness.
An image may also evoke internal sensations as hunger, thirst, or nausea, or tension in
the muscles or joints. Nevertheless, there are still some sensations that are hard to represent
even though the poet’s pen possesses the magic power. In this case, the poet often
suggests the feeling of one sense impression in terms of another. It is termed in literature
“synesthesia”, which is sometimes called “sense transference” or “sense analogy”. “A
beautiful song” and “a sweet voice” are two of the most common but most typical examples.
In the former case we use a visual image (as in “a beautiful flower”) to replace an auditory
image in the description of pleasantness of a song, while in the latter case we use a
gustatory image to describe the voice as if it can be tasted like “sweet sugar”.
Following is a sample poem of this category:
Heat
H. D.
O, wind, rend open the heat,
cut apart the heat,
rend it to tatters.
Fruit cannot drop
through this thick air—
fruit cannot fall into heat
that presses up and blunts
the point of pears
and round the grapes.
Cut the heat—
plough through it,
turning it on either side
of your path.
The poet feels the heat so intense that he seems difficult to represent it directly or
describe it in an ordinary way. So he employs visual and tactile imagery instead to represent
the sharp sense of heat as if the heat is something hardened that can be seen and touched
but hard to break. This is a perfect example showing that one sense can be represented
in terms of another with a deep and vivid impression on the reader.
Read the following poem, and then answer the questions:
How to Eat a Poem
Eve Merrian
Don’t be polite.
Bite in.
Pick it up with your fingers and lick juice that
may run down your chin.
It is ready and ripe now, whenever you are.
You do not need a knife or fork or spoon
or plate or napkin or tablecloth.
For there is no core
Or stem
Or rind
Or pit
Or seed or skin
To throw away.
What does the poet Eve Merrian compare a poem to? What kinds of images does the
poet create in order to make an abstract “poem” concrete? And why is there nothing
to throw away when you “eat” a poem?
(To be
continued)
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