4.10. Repetition
Repetition is
a rhetorical device
very commonly and frequently
employed by
poets. It
differs from redundancy. Redundancy is a kind of faulty wording, which
results
from illogical confusion, while
repetition as a positive rhetoric
device
is
a powerful means which can be employed to
emphasize
a statement
and create
good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emotional, attractive,
and memorable.Repetition can be of a word, a phrase or a sentence, and there
are varied forms:
among them are
immediate repetition, intermittent repetition,
anaphora,
epistrophe (or epiphora), and anadiplosis, etc.
4.10.1 Immediate
Repetition
The repetition that occurs without intervals is termed immediate repetition.
It is the same word,or phrase, or sentence that follows another immediately
without any interruption, such as “very, very great”, “much, much stronger”, “far,
far away”, and “a long, long time ago”, etc.
(1) Tigre, tigre, burning bright
In the forests of the night.
(From Tigre by W. Blake)
(2)
I’m a big big girl in a big big world
It’s not a big big thing
If you leave me
But I do do feel that I do do will
Miss you much, miss you much.
(3)
We’re low—We’re low—We’re very, very low—
As low as low can be;
The rich are high—for we make them so—
And a miserable lot are we!
And a miserable lot are we! are we!
A miserable lot are we!
(Earnest Jones 1819-1869)
4.10.2 Intermittent Repetition
Intermittent repetition refers to the way the repeated words, phrases, or
sentences are separated by other words, phrases,or sentence.e. g.
A Sonnet from the Portuguese [43]
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul ran reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
I love thee to the level of every day’s
Most quiet need, by sun and candle light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old grieves, and with my child’s faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints ——I love with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life!——and, if God choose,
I shall but love better after death.
Note that the type of repetition "anphora" also occurs in the poem
above.
4.10.3
Anaphora
When the repetition of the same words or phrases occurs at the beginning of
successive clauses, sentences or verses, it is termed
anaphora. Such repetition is
commonly used in conjunction with climax and parallelism to convey strong emotions.
E. g.
Hundreds of stars in the silent sky,
Hundreds of shells on the shore together,
Hundreds of birds that go singing by,
Hundreds of bees on the sunny weather;
Hundreds of dewdrops to greet the dawn,
Hundreds of lambs in the purple clover,
Hundreds of butterflies on the lawn…
But only one mother the wide world over.
(George Cooper 1626–1689 )
4.10.4
Epistrophe
The opposite of anaphora is epistrophe
(epiphora). It is the repetition of the same word or phrase at the
end of successive lines, clauses or stanzas , such as "Read maketh
a full man; conference a ready man; and writing
an exact man" (Francis Bacon: Of Study), "of
the people, by the people, for the
people" (in Abraham Lincoln's speech), and . "We 'll work
for freedom, we'll fight for freedom , we'll die
for freedom." Following is a repetition that occurs at the
end of each
stanza:
To Althea from Prison
Richard Lovelace
When love with unconfined wings
Hovers within my gates,
And my divine Althea brings
To whisper at the grates;
When I lie tangled in her hair
And fettered to her eye,
The gods that wanton in the air
Know no such liberty
When flowing cups run swiftly round,
With no allaying Thames,
Our careless heads with roses bound,
Our hearts with loyal flames;
When thirsty grief in wine we steep,
When healths and draughts go free,
Fishes that tipple in the deep
Know no such liberty.
When like committed linnets I
With shriller throat shall sing
The sweetness, mercy, majesty,
And glories of my King:
When I shall voice aloud how good
He is, how great should be,
Enlarged winds, that curl the flood,
Know no such liberty.
Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage:
Minds innocent and quiet take
That for an hermitage.
If I have freedom in my love,
And in my soul am free,
Angels alone, that soar above,
Enjoy such liberty.
4.10.5
Anadiplosis
Anadiplosis is a
type of repetition of a sprominent,
usually last part of
a unit or sentence at the beginning of the next unit or
sentence or
line, whose pattern
is /…a, a…/. e.g.
"rely on his honour—— honour such as
his."
My words I know do well set forth my mind;
My mind bemoans his sense of inward smart;
Such smart may pity claim of any heart;
Her heart,sweet heart, is of no tiger’s kind.
(Sir Philip Sidney 1554-86)
Such repetition is also termed chain-repetition.
4.10.6 Symploce
There is still another type of repetition termed symploce which involves two sets of
words or phrases: one word or phrase is repeated at the beginning and another at
the end of successive clause. This rhetoric device can be regarded as the
combination of anaphora and epiphora. e.g.
We
are the hollow men
We are the stuffed men
Leaning together
Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!
…
This is the dead land
This is cactus land
Here the stone images
Are raised… (T.S. Eliot)
Repetitions vary in forms, but we have to point out here at
the end of this chapter
that all types of repetitions are easily to be detected , and it is, perhaps, unnecessary
to identify
what kind of repetition it belongs
to. What is important to the reader is
that we have to
be aware of its variable
effects, the
most of which is, perhaps,
for
emphasis on what is repeated.
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