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he Battle of Köse Dağ was fought between the Seljuk Turks of Anatolia and the Mongols on June 26, 1243 at the defile of Köse Dağ (Ch'man-katuk Armenian: Չման-կատուկ), a location between Erzincan and Gümüşhane in northeast Anatolia, modern Turkey;^[9][10] the Mongols achieved a decisive victory.

• 1 Background
• 2 The battle
• 3 Aftermath
• 4 External links
• 5 References

The Mongols chasing the Seljuks. Hayton of Corycus, Fleur des histoires d'orient.

Background[edit]

During the reign of Ögedei, the Seljuks of Anatolia offered friendship and a modest tribute to Chormaqan.^[11]Under Kaykhusraw II, however, the Mongols began to pressure the Sultan to go to Mongolia in person, give hostages, and accept a Mongol darugachi.

The battle[edit]

Under the leadership of the commander Bayju, the Mongols attacked the Seljuk Sultanate of Anatolia in the winter of 1242-43 and seized the city of Erzurum. Sultan Kaykhusraw II immediately called on his neighbours to contribute troops to resist the invasion. The Empire of Trebizond sent a detachment and the sultan engaged a group of "Frankish" mercenaries.^[12] A few Georgian nobles such as Shamadavle of Akhaltsikhe also joined him, but the majority of the Georgians were compelled to fight alongside their Mongol masters.

The decisive battle was fought at Köse Dağ on June 26, 1243. The primary sources do not record the size of the opposing armies but suggest that the Mongols faced a numerically superior force.^[13] Bayju brushed aside an apprehensive notice from his Georgian officer regarding the size of the Seljuk army, stating that they counted as nothing the numbers of their enemies: "the more they are the more glorious it is to win and the more plunder we shall secure", he replied.^[14]

The Seljuk commander, Kaykhusraw II, rejected the proposal of his experienced commanders to wait for the Mongol attack. Instead, he sent a force of 20,000 men, lead by inexperienced commanders, against the Mongol army.^[6]The Mongol army, pretending a retreat, turned back, encircled the Seljuk army and defeated it.^[8] When the rest of the Seljuk army witnessed their defeat, many Seljuk commanders and their soldiers, including Kaykhusraw II, started to abandon the battlefield.^[6] Eventually, the Seljuk army was left without leaders and most of their soldiers had deserted, without seeing any combat.^[6][8]

After their victory, the Mongols took control of the cities of Sivas and Kayseri. The sultan fled to Antalya but was subsequently forced to make peace with Bayju and pay a substantial tribute to the Mongol Empire.

Aftermath[edit]

The defeat resulted in a period of turmoil in Anatolia and led directly to the decline and disintegration of the Seljuk state. The Empire of Trebizond became a vassal state of the Mongol empire. Furthermore the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia became a vassal state of the Mongols.^[15] Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols.^[16] After a long period of fragmentation, Anatolia was unified by the Ottoman dynasty.

External links[edit]

• Kirakos of Gandzak: History of Armenia (part 35) 13th century
• History of Anatolian Seljuks

References[edit]

Köse Dağ 战役摘自维基百科，免费的百科全书 Köse Dağ 战役是安纳托利亚的塞尔柱土耳其人与蒙古人之间的战役，发生在1243年六月二十六日Köse Dağ 的一个峡谷之中，是在安纳托利亚（现土耳其）的东北部(土)埃尔津詹和居米什哈内省之间的一个地方。在这场战役中，蒙古人取得了决定性的胜利。 *1背景*2战况*3结果*4外部链接*5参考文献 蒙古人在追逐塞尔柱王朝的人。摘自 Hayton of Corycus,《 Fleur deshistoires d'orient东方历史》 
Date时间June 26, 1243六月二十六日，1243年Location地点Kösedağ(about 60 km east ofSivas)大约在瑟瓦斯以东60千米Result结果Decisive Mongol victory蒙古的决定性胜利
The Sultanate of Anatolia and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the    Mongols.安纳托利亚的苏丹王朝和特拉比松帝国成为了蒙古的附庸国
Belligerents交战国Mongol Empire蒙古帝国
Armenian auxiliaries亚美尼亚的雇佣军Sultanate of Rum 鲁姆苏丹国
  Georgianauxiliaries格鲁吉亚雇佣军
Trapezuntineauxiliaries特拉比松雇佣军
  Latinmercenaries拉丁雇佣兵Commanders and leaders指挥官和领导BayjuKaykhusraw II
  Pharadavla of Akhaltsikhe
  Dardin Sharvashisdze  †Strength兵力30,000[2][3]-40,000[4][5]60,000[2][5]-80,000[3]
(20,000-25,000 participated, the rest deserted)（20,000-25，000参加，剩余的被抛弃了）Casualties and losses人员伤亡和损失Unknown不清楚3,000 killed 3000人死亡
  背景  Ögedei统治期间,安纳托利亚的塞尔柱王朝向Chormaqan表达友谊和适度的致敬。然而，在Kaykhusraw二世期间，蒙古人开始向苏丹施压亲自去蒙古,交还人质并接受蒙古的达鲁花赤。  战况 在指挥官Bayju的领导下,蒙古族在1242-43年的冬天袭击了安纳托利亚的塞尔柱王朝并控制了埃尔祖鲁姆城市。苏丹Kaykhusraw I二世立即呼吁他的邻居提供军队来抵御入侵。特拉比松帝国派了一支分遣队，苏丹一群名为“法兰克人”的雇佣兵。一些格鲁吉亚贵族，比如Akhaltsikhe Shamadavle等也加入了他,但是大多数格鲁吉亚人被迫与蒙古统治者并肩作战。决战发生1243年6月26日的Köse Dağ 。主要的资料都没有记录对立军队的规模,但显示了蒙古人面临着数量上占优势的力量。Bayju无视格鲁吉亚官员关于塞尔柱王朝的军队的规模的提醒,说敌人的数量算不了什么:“敌人越多，赢的越光荣，而且我们得到的战利品越多。”,他回答。 塞尔柱王朝的指挥官,Kaykhusraw二世,拒绝了他经验丰富的指挥官等待蒙古袭击的建议。相反,他派了一个20000人的军队,由缺乏经验的指挥官领导，对抗蒙古军队。蒙古军队,假装撤退,突然回头,包围了塞尔柱王朝的军队,并打败了它。当其余的塞尔柱王朝的军队眼见了他们的失败,许多塞尔柱王朝的指挥官和士兵,包括Kaykhusraw二世,开始放弃战场。最后,塞尔柱王朝的军队是在没有领导和大部分的士兵已经遗弃,甚至没有看到任何战斗的情况下仓皇逃离。  胜利后,蒙古人控制了城市中部瑟瓦斯省和开塞利。苏丹人逃到海滨城市安塔利亚，但一直被迫与Bayju和好并提供大量的朝贡给蒙古帝国。  结果 这次失败导致安纳托利亚一段时期的混乱和直接导致了塞尔柱王朝的衰落和瓦解状态。特拉比松帝国成为蒙古帝国的附属国。此外亚美尼亚王国西里西亚成为了蒙古人的附庸国。[15]蒙古人行使在安纳托利亚的实权。经过一段长时间的分割,安纳托利亚被奥斯曼王朝统一。