中国的自然保护地

本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明

1.4自然保护地，留下生命的乐园

1.4 Nature reserve, paradise for conserving life

 

生物的生存依赖环境。生物多样性的保持，关键在于保护多样的、优质的生态环境。

Life depends on the environment. The key to maintaining biodiversity is to protect a diverse and high-quality environment.

 

自然保护地（或保护区，以下统称保护地）是对生态系统和生物多样性实施就地保护的场所。主要的、最初的目的，是保护那些有代表性的自然系统，以及珍稀、濒危野生动植物种。通过自然保护地对生物进行就地保护，可以最大程度地保留健康的自然生态系统，保护生物多样性，保障生态景观资源和生物基因资源的可持续利用。可以说，各类保护地是生命的乐园。

Nature reserves (or protected areas of nature) are places for in situ conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. Their initial and primary purpose was to protect those representative natural systems, as well as rare and endangered species of wild animals and plants. To protect life in nature reserves can maximize the retention of healthy natural ecosystems, the conservation of biodiversity, the protection of sustainable use of ecological landscape resources and biological genetic resources. We can say that various kinds of nature reserves are the paradise for conserving life.

 

中国目前有各种类型的保护地2200多处。具体说来，包括下列类型：

Currently, China has more than 2,200 types of protected natural areas. More specifically, they include the following types:

 

1.4.1自然保护区

1.4.1 Nature reserve

 

自然保护区是最传统的自然保护地，是为了保护有代表性的生态系统、珍稀野生动植物物种的天然集中分布区，以及有特殊意义的自然遗迹。目前中国已建立自然保护区1276个，占国土面积的15%。

A Nature Reserve is the most traditional protected area, and a naturally formed concentrated area for protecting representative ecosystems and rare wild life. And it is also a natural site of special significance. At present, China has established 1,276 nature reserves, accounting for 15% of its total land area.

 

1.4.2生物圈保护区

1.4.2 Biosphere reserve

 

生物圈保护区是联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）授名的自然保护区，强调保护、发展与后勤支持三大功能，提出著名的核心区、缓冲区与实验区三区模式，该模式已成为中国自然保护区立法的依据。目前中国有32个生物圈保护区。

A biosphere reserve is a title designated to a nature reserve by UNESCO, emphasizing the three functions of protection, development and support. The famous mode of core area, buffer area and experimental area proposed for biosphere reserve has become the legislative basis for nature reserves. China now has 32 biosphere reserves.

 

1.4.3风景名胜区

1.4.3 Scenic spot

 

风景名胜区是环境优美，具有观赏、文化或科学价值的地区，可供人游览、休闲，或进行科学、文化活动。目前中国有风景名胜区631个。

A scenic spot is a place with a beautiful environment with ornamental, cultural or scientific value, and it can be used for tourism and relaxation, or for scientific and cultural activities. China now has 631 designated scenic spots.

 

1.4.4地质公园

1.4.4 Geopark

 

地质公园是以保护地质遗迹为主要目的的保护区，如冰川遗迹、火山遗迹、丹霞地貌、溶洞等。目前中国有29个世界地质公园和171个国家地质公园。

A geopark is a reserve primarily to protect geological heritage, such as remnants of glaciation, volcanic relics, Danxia landform, and Karst cave, etc. China now has 29 world geoparks and 171 national geoparks.

 

1.4.5森林公园

1.4.5 Forest park

 

森林公园是以森林保护为主，兼具旅游休闲功能的地区。目前中国建有森林公园920个。

A Forest Park is an area for protecting forests, as well as for tourism and leisure functions. China now has 920 forest parks.

 

1.4.6天然林保护地

1.4.6 Natural forest reserve

 

天然林保护地主要关注森林的生态服务功能，尤其强调其涵养水源及水土保持的功能。这类保护地自1998年开始启动。

A natural forest reserve focuses on the ecological service function of a forest, with particular emphasis on soil and water conservation. The natural forest reserve scheme was launched in 1998.

 

1.4.7传统文化森林保护地

1.4.7 Forest reserves dependent on traditional cultures

 

传统文化森林保护地是借由传统文化的力量使得自然生态得以保护的地区。

Forest reserves dependent on traditional cultures are places where the natural ecology is protected by the power of traditional culture.

 

例如，中国的道教、佛教寺庙通常位于深山密林中，并有保护周围森林的传统。许多因寺庙保存下来的森林生态系统，直接成为自然保护区。再比如，中国农村有着数千年保育风水林的传统。这个传统保护了农村居住地的生态环境，保护了水源，保存了生物资源，从而保证了地区的持续发展。

For example, Chinese Taoist and Buddhist worship sites are usually located in the mountains and forests, and enjoy a long tradition of protecting the surrounding forests. Many forest ecosystems preserved due to the presence of temples have been turned into nature reserves. Another example is that China’s rural areas have thousands of years of tradition to conserve Feng-shui forests. This tradition has protected the ecological environment in rural areas, as well as preserved water and biological resources, thus ensuring sustainable development of the regions concerned.

 

1.4.8国际湿地

1.4.8 International wetlands

 

国际湿地是符合拉姆萨国际条约、以保护湿地为主的自然保护地，目前中国有21处，如扎龙、向海、鄱阳湖、东洞庭湖、东寨港、青海湖、香港米浦等。

International wetlands are nature reserves designated in line with the Ramsar Convention for protecting wetlands. China now has 21 wetlands, such as Zhalong, Xianghai, PoyangLake, East Dongting Lake, Dongzhai Harbor, Qinghai Lake and Mai Po nature reserves, etc.

 

1.4.9自然遗产

1.4.9 Natural heritage

 

自然遗产是联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）系统的保护区，以保护有世界意义的生态系统、地质遗迹为目标。和生物多样性一样，珍贵的生态系统和典型的地质遗迹，也是全世界共同的财富。中国是拥有世界自然遗产和自然文化双遗产数量最多的国家^[1]。

Natural heritage refers to protected areas under the UNESCO system with the goal of protecting ecosystems of world significance and geological heritage. Like biodiversity, precious ecosystems and typical geological heritage are also the common wealth of the world. China is the country with the most World Natural Heritage and Natural and Cultural Heritage sites.

 

 

各类自然保护地不仅保护了当地物种和生态系统，对当地居民也很有好处。一方面，生态保护的同时，常常使得当地居民的传统生活方式和传统文化得以保留，使其成为人类文化遗产的重要部分。另一方面，由于自然保护地保存了大量原生或接近原生状态的自然生态系统，这些生态系统具有非常高的观赏价值，使其成为发展生态旅游和生态产品的宝贵资源。如九寨沟保护区，每年仅门票与旅游观光车的收入就在3亿元以上；如果考虑航空、铁路、公路、旅馆、餐饮与服务等行业，其价值在10亿元以上，这还不包括其国际影响带来的各种商机。

Various types of nature reserves not only protect native species and ecosystems, but also benefit local residents. On the one hand, in the process of protecting the ecology, the traditional way of life of local residents and their traditional culture are preserved, thus becoming an important part of the cultural heritage of humankind. On the other hand, a large number of natural ecosystems of high ornamental value have been conserved, and become valuable resources for the development of eco-tourism and eco-products. For instance, in the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, the annual income from entrance tickets and tourist vehicles amounts to above 300 million Yuan; and if aviation, railways, highways, hotels, restaurants and other service industries are taken into consideration, the total value can be over 1 billion Yuan, which does not take into consideration the business opportunities brought about by its international impact.

 

九寨沟的成功虽然不是普遍的，但是毋庸置疑，只有保住了优质的生存环境，才能带来优质的、可持续的发展，人类才能真正享受发展带来的益处。

The success of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, is not universal, but there is no doubt that only by means of preserving a high-standard living environment can we achieve high-quality and sustainable development, and can humankind really enjoy the benefits of progress.

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[1]中国的世界自然遗产和自然文化双遗产见下表。

表1 中国境内分布的世界自然遗产

编号	名称	分布城市	所在省	批准时间
1	九寨沟	阿坝	四川	1992.12
2	黄龙	阿坝	四川	1992.12
3	武陵源	张家界	湖南	1992.12
4	三江并流	迪庆、怒江、丽江	云南	2003.07
5	四川大熊猫栖息地	雅安、成都、甘孜、阿坝	四川	2006.07
6	中国南方喀斯特	石林、贵州荔波、重庆武隆	云南	2007.06
7	三清山	上饶	江西	2008.07
8	中国丹霞	赤水、泰宁、崀山、丹霞山、龙虎山（含龟峰）、江郎山	贵州、福建、湖南、广东、江西、浙江	2010.08
9	澄江帽天山化石地	玉溪	云南	2012.07
10	新疆天山		新疆	2013.06

表2 中国境内分布的世界自然和文化双重遗产

编号	名称	分布城市	所在省	批准时间
1	泰山，岱庙，灵岩寺	泰安，济南	山东	1987.12
2	黄山	黄山	安徽	1990.12
3	峨眉山及乐山大佛	乐山	四川	1996.12
4	武夷山	南平	福建	1999.12

 

 

 

 

 

[1] China’s World Natural Heritage and Natural and Cultural Heritage are as follows:

Table 1 World Natural Heritage in China

NO.	Place	City	Province	Time of Approval
1	Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve	Ngawa	Sichuan	1992.12
2	Huanglong	Ngawa	Sichuan	1992.12
3	Wulingyuan	Zhangjiajie	Hunan	1992.12
4	Three Parallel Rivers	Diqing, Salween, Lijiang	Yunnan	2003.07
5	Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries	Ya'an,Chengdu, Garzê,Ngawa	Sichuan	2006.07
6	Karst	Stone Forest, Libo of Guizhou, Wulong of Chongqing	Yunnan	2007.06
7	Mount Sanqing	Shangrao	Jiangxi	2008.07
8	China Danxia	Chishui, Taining, Langshan, Mount Danxia, Mount Longhu   (including Mount. Gui), Mount Jianglang	Guizhou, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang	2010.08
9	Chengjiang Maotianshan Mountain fossil site	Yuxi	Yunnan	2012.07
10	Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang		Xinjiang	2013.06

Table 2 Natural and Cultural Heritage in China

NO.	Place	City	Province	Time of Approval
1	Mount Tai, Dai Temple, Lingyan Temple	Taian, Jinan	Shandong	1987.12
2	Mount Huangshan	Huangshan	Anhui	1990.12
3	Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha	Leshan	Sichuan	1996.12
4	Mount Wuyi	Nanping	Fujian	1999.12

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