加载中…Linux常用命令（续）
(2010-06-21 10:35:42)
标签：
杂谈 |
分类： Linux |
续上文，可恶的字数限制！被我标黑的是我常用到的。。。
- last - generate a listing of user logins
- lastlog - prints the last login times of all users
- latex - compile a LATEX file
- ldconfig - creates the necessary links and cache (for use by
the run-time linker, ld.so) to the most recent shared libraries
found in the directories specified on the command line, in the file
/etc/ld.so.conf, and in the trusted directories (/usr/lib and
/lib). Ldconfig checks the header and file names of the libraries
it encounters when determining which versions should have their
links updated. Ldconfig ignores symbolic links when scanning for
libraries.
- ldd - list the shared libraries on which a given executable
depends, and where they are located
- leave - display reminder at specified time
- less - Linux alternative to ``more'' command. Displays text
files, one screenful at a time. When less pauses, there is a large
number of available commands to tell it what to do next. One can
scroll both forwards and backwards.
- let - evaluates a numeric expression. This is a shell builtin.
- lilo - installs boot loader on the boot sector of a hard drive,
of a diskette, or in another location. My 486 has a hard drive that
is too large for the machine's BIOS, so I have to boot from a
floppy. To create a boot diskette, I do the following (as root):
- /sbin/fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
- /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /dev/fd0
- mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
- cp -dp /boot/* /mnt/floppy
- /sbin/lilo -C /etc/lilo.flop
The -C option to lilo has lilo use the lilo.flop file instead of the default lilo.conf.
- linuxconf - interactive tool for configuring Linux system. Uses
X if loaded. This is a Gnome tool. It comes with my Red Hat
distribution, and is not included with Slackware. It would seem to
be the easiest way to configure Linux under Slackware. Version 1.15
is available for Slackware. There is a pretty good introduction to
the use of linuxconf in the Red Hat 5.2 installation manual, which
is available online at their web site.
- ln - creates a link to a file. Used to create hard links
and, with the -s option, symbolic links which can link files on
different disk partitions. The syntax is
- ln [options] source [dest]
- locate filename - find the file name which contains the string
``filename''. The syntax is easier than the find command.
- lock - temporarily lock terminal
- lockfile - create semaphore file(s), used to limit access to a
file
- - log in to system
- logname - consult /etc/utmp for user's login name
- logout - execute logout as individual user and bring up
login: prompt
- look - look for strings in files
- lpq - show print jobs that are waiting
- lpr - send file to be printed
- lprm - cancel a job from print queue
- ls - list directory contents. To get colored directory
listings under Red Hat, Mandrake, etc., use
- ls -color
To get this all the time, add
- alias ls='ls -color=auto'
to .bashrc. The following command
- alias ls='ls -Fskb -color=auto'
will give directory listings in color, with file sizes in kilobytes, and append a character to the file to indicate its type.
- lsattr - list attributes of files in ext2 file system
- lsmod - used (by root) to show kernel modules currently loaded
- lspci - utility to display information on pci buses and
hardware devices attached to them. Part of the pciutils package
that comes with many Linux distributions.
- lspnp - utility to display information about pnp devices. Part
of the pcmcia or kernel-pcmcia package, depending on the
distribution.
- m4 - an implementation of the traditional UNIX macro processor.
It can be used with the sendmail configuration package in Red Hat
(and Slackware) to generate a sendmail.conf configuration file
without having to edit the configuration file directly.
- magicfilter - general purpose printer filter. See apsfilter
above. apsfilter is the printer filter that comes with the Red Hat
and Slackware distributions.
- mail - sends or reads electronic mail
- make - keeps a set of programs current. This is a utility that
helps when developing a set of programs. It works by executing a
script called makefile, Makefile or GNUmakefile in the working
directory. It is very often used in combination with configure when
compiling and installing noncompiled software packages.
- makebootdisk - command in Slackware to do just what the name
says
- MAKEDEV - executable script to make device files on /dev
- makeswap - configures swap space
- man - displays information from online Unix reference
manual
- manpath - attempt to determine path to manual pages
- mc - Midnight Commander file manager and visual shell
- mesg - enables/disables reception of messages
- minicom - terminal program
- mkdir - create a directory
- mkfs - create a file system (format) on a device or partition.
Should be invoked after lowlevel formatting of the disk using
fdformat. It has several versions which are all links to the basic
program, such as mkfs.ext2 and mkfs.msdos.
- mkswap - creates a Linux swap space on the specified hard disk
parition (root privileges neede)
- usage: mkswap
device
- usage: mkswap
- more - list file contents, stopping after each full
screen
- mount -t [fstype] [device] [mountpoint] - mount device
using filesystem of type [fstype] with device name [device] at the
location [mountpoint] in the filesystem directory tree
- mount -a - mount all filesystems according to the
specifications in /etc/fstab
- mouseconfig - mouse configuration utility under Red Hat.
Located in /usr/sbin.
- mpage - print multiple pages per sheet on a Postscript printer.
Can also be used to print a page in landscape mode.
- Mtools - package of MS-DOS utilities. Includes the following
commands.
- mcd - changes working directory on DOS disk
- mcopy - copies DOS files from one directory to another
- mdel - deletes DOS files
- mdir - lists contents of DOS directories
- mformat - adds DOS formatting information to a disk
- mtype - displays contents of a DOS file
The default device for execution of these commands is /dev/fd0 and can be referred to as ``a:''.
- mv - moves (renames) files
- netconf - used (as root) to set up network
- newaliases - rebuilds the /etc/aliases database used by
sendmail. Must be rerun every time /etc/aliases is modified for the
changes to take effect.
- newgrp - similar to login. Changes user's identification
- nice program_name - sets the priority of the program
``program_name''.
- nm - lists the symbols from object files objfile. If no object
files are given as arguments, nm assumes `a.out'.
- nohup - runs a command that keeps running after logout. The
command is in principle immune to hangups, and must have output to
a non tty. According to
Linux in a Nutshell, this is necessary only in the Bourne shell, since modern shells preserve background processes by default. - ntsysv - run level editor under Red Hat. This is the equivalent
of tksysv, but does not require a graphical interface.
- nxterm - color xterm program. The man page for nxterm under Red
Hat brings up the same page as xterm.
- od - dumps contents of a file
- passwd - change login password
- paste - joins corresponding lines from files
- patch - updates source code. Attempts to update a file from a
file of change information, or pathces, created by diff.
- pathchk - determine validity and portability of filenames
- pdflatex - part of the pdftex program suite. Produces pdf
output from a LATEX file.
- pdftex - produces pdf output from a TeX file. See also
pdflatex. This program is part of the tetex 0.9 distribution that
is included with Red Hat 5.2 and above, and with Slackware 4.0 and
above. It is also available as a separate program.
- perl - practical extraction and report language
- pg - display data one screenful at a time
- pico - simple screen oriented text editor. It is included as
part of the Pine program.
- ping - check if Internet computer is responding. Can also
measure the time it takes the queried computer to respond.
- pkgtool - Slackware tool to install, uninstall and query
packages. Front end to installpkg, removepkg, makepkg. The cpkgtool
is the ncurses graphical version of this program.
- popclient - retrieve mail via the Post Office Protocol.
Supports POP2 and POP3.
- popd - pops the top directory of the directory stack and uses
cd to change to that directory. This is a shell builtin.
- pr - paginates files for printing
- printenv - display list of environment variables
- printtool - run (as root) in an X terminal to configure your
printer(s)
- ps - displays status of processes. Use the -a option for
processes for all users. Use the -x option to include processes not
attached to a terminal.
- pstree - display processes in the form of a tree
structure. Killing a parent process will also kill all the children
and their descendants.
- pushd - pushes the argument onto the top of the directory stack
and uses cd to change to that directory. This is a shell builtin.
- pwd - print absolute path of working directory. This is
a shell builtin.
- pwchk - checks the integrity of password and shadow files
- pwconv - converts passwords to the shadow password format
- pwunconv - unconverts passwords from the shadow password
format. Generates a standard Unix password file.
- python - interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming
language
- rcp - copy one or more files to or from remote computer. The
syntax is poorly explained in the documentation that I have,
including the man pages. Usage is:
- rcp filename username@remotehost:path
The user's home directory on the remote system must contain the file .rhosts with a list of users (preceded by the full domain name or exact IP address of their machine) with access privileges.
- localhostname username
- rcs - creates or changes the attributes of an RCS file. Stands
for Revision Control System.
- rdev - query/set image root device, swap device, RAM disk size,
or video mode in kernel
- read - reads line from standard input. This is a shell builtin.
- readonly - declares a variable to be read only. This is a shell
builtin.
- reboot - in Slackware, reboots the system. Seems to be
equivalent to shutdown -r now in generic Linux.
- renice program_name - resets the priority of process
``program_name''.
- reset - used to reset the screen characteristics. This is
useful if the screen gets messed up from, for example, trying to
display a binary file in an xterm.
- return - exits from a function. This is a shell builtin.
- rlog - prints a summary of the history of an RCS file
- rlogin - log in to remote computer. The general syntax is as
follows, using the UQAM Nobel machine as an example:
- rlogin -l userid nobel.si.uqam.ca
The remote computer must recognize the local user and the local machine. See the rcp command for how to set up the .rhosts file on the remote machine.
- rm - remove files or directories. With the -r
(recursive) option (very dangerous!), can be used to remove the
contents of a specified directory including all subdirectories.
- rmail - interpret and handle remote mail received via uucp
- rmdir - remove empty directories
- rmmod - used to remove modular device drivers
- route -n - show routing table. The n option returns numerical
addresses rather than names.
- rpm - invokes the Red Hat package manager in command line mode.
I often use this command in query mode to query packages about what
files they contain and to find out which package owns a particular
file. Examples are
- rpm -qil foo. Gives package information and a file list for the package foo.
- rpm -qfil foo. Gives package information and a file list for the package that owns the file foo. Foo must be in the working directory, or the full path to foo must be specified.
We need to find out about installing the rpm package on a Slackware box. It's probably better to use a package converter such as alien.
- rpm2tgz - an extremely useful utility on Slackware systems that
converts rpm packages to tgz format. They can then be installed
using the installpkg command (or pkgtool).
- rsh - execute shell command on a remote computer. See rcp and
rlogin.
- rstat - summarize host's status: uptime, load averages, and
current time
- ruptime - show host status of local machines
- rusers - list who is logged on local machines
- rwall - write to all users over a network
- rwho - show who is logged in on a LAN. The rwho service must be
enabled for this command to run. If it isn't, run ``setup'' as
root. I don't understand this last remark, which comes from ``Linux
Newbie Administrator Guide''.
- rxvt - a terminal program similar to xterm, but which has less
features and uses less memory
- sed - edits a file (not interactively). Also a tool for
processing text files.
- set - set or display value of shell variables. This is a shell
builtin. The command
- set | less
prints the current user environment, giving the values of currently defined variables.
- setenv - set or display value of environment variables
- setserial - used by root to configure a serial port
- setterm - set terminal attributes for a virtual console
- setuid - set the id of a program when it is run. Used, for
example, to give root privileges to a program run by an ordinary
user. This is actually done by running the chmod program as root.
See the chmod command for the syntax.
- setup - Slackware program to set up program sets and configure
system. Setup devices and file systems, mount root file system
- sh - standard UNIX shell. On Linux, just another name for bash.
- shift - promotes each command-line argument. This is a shell
builtin.
- showmount - show information about an nfs server
- shutdown - reboot or shut down system as root, after
specified amount of time. With the -r option, reboot. With the -h
option, halt the system.
- usage: shutdown -r
minutes
- usage: shutdown -r
- sleep - creates process that sleeps for specified
interval
- sliplogin - attaches a SLIP interface to standard input. Used
to allow dialin SLIP connections.
- sort - sorts and/or merge files
- split - split file into specified number of segments
- ssh - secure shell. Apparently has many of the same
functionalities as rlogin, telnet, ftp, rsh, etc., with better
security and encryption features. We may want to learn how to set
this up and use it.
- startx - front end to xinit in Linux. This is a script which
starts up X clients and shuts down the X server on exit from the
window manager.
- startx
-- :1 - start the next X window session on the display 1 (the default is opened on display 0). One can switch between different graphical displays using [Ctrl][Alt][F7], [Ctrl][Alt][F8], etc. - stty - sets or displays operating options for terminal
- su - log in as another user, including root
- sudo - allows individual users to have root permission
to perform specified tasks
- swapoff - disables swap disk
- swapon - enables swap disk
- symlinks - provide list of and information about symbolic links
- sync - writes memory buffers to physical devices
- systat - query host for system information
- tac - print file in reverse
- tail - displays the last part of a file
- talk - visual communication program that copies lines from one
terminal to that of another user
- tar - file compression and archiving utility. I find the
syntax of this command to be frustratingly opaque. The following
works for me. To use this command to unzip gzipped tarballs in
verbose mode, use
- tar -xvzf filename.tgz
To create a tarball from files in a given directory and its subdirectories, use
- tar -cvzf filename.tgz sourcename
Sourcename can be the name of a single file, a wildcard such as *, or the name of a subdirectory. There seem to be two different conventions concerning gzipped tarballs. One often encounters .tar.gz. The other popular choice is .tgz. Slackware packages use the latter convention. The command can also be used to archive a file, a group of files, or a directory (with its subdirectories) on tape or onto floppies. If the material to be archived exceeds the capacity of the backup medium, the program will prompt the user to insert a new tape or diskette. Use the following command to back up to floppies:
- tar -cvf /dev/fd0 filename(s) or directoryname(s)
The backup can be restored with
- tar -xvf /dev/fd0
Tar can be used for other things. To mirror all the files and subdirectories in from-stuff to to-stuff, use the commands
- cd from-stuff
- tar cf - . | (cd ../to-stuff; tar xvf -)
No tar file is ever written to disk. The data is sent by pipe from one tar process to another. This example is taken from
Running Linux, p.177. To list the table of contents of a tar archive, use - tar tvf tarfile
To extract individual files from a tar archive, use
- tar xvf tarfile files
where files is the list of files to extract. When extracting files, tar creates missing subdirectories underneath the current directory in which the cammand is invoked.
- tcl - scripting language
- tcsh - extended version of the C shell
- tee - copy standard input to standard output and one or more
files
- telinit - used to change run level. Exact run level that
corresponds to single-user, multi-user, and X levels depends on
distribution.
- telnet - remote login over network
- test - evaluates an expression or compares arguments. This is a
shell builtin in bash, tcsh and zsh.
- tftp - user interface to TFTP protocol
- time - displays times for the current shell and its children.
This is a shell builtin. Strange, because there is also a
/usr/bin/time program on my Red Hat system.
- tin - Netnews reader
- tkdesk - graphical desktop file manager for X
- tksysv - graphical runlevel editor under Red Hat. Allows root
to configure the services that are started at each run level.
- tload - display system load average in graph format
- top - dynamically displays process status
- touch - update access and modification times of a file. If the
file does not exist on disk, an empty file is created.
- tr - translation utility that can be used, for example, to
replace specified characters in a text file
- trap - traps a signal. This is a shell builtin.
- true - null command that returns a successful exit status
- tset - initializes terminal
- tty - shows special file that represents your terminal.
Displays the terminal pathname.
- type - displays how each argument would be interpreted as a
command. This is a shell builtin.
- typeset - declares attributes for a variaable (same as
declare). This is a shell builtin.
- ul - translate underscores to underlining
- umask - establishes the file-creation permissions mask. Usage
is
- umask xyz
The system subtracts x, y and z from the owner, group and other file permissions that it would otherwise assign to new files. This is a shell builtin.
- umount [device] - finish writing to the device and
remove it from the active filesystem. The command umount -a will
(re)mount all file systems listed in /etc/fstab.
- unalias - remove name previously defined by alias. This is a
shell builtin.
- uname - displays information about the system. With no
arguments, it displays the name of the operating system. With the
-a option, it displays information about the operating system, the
host name, and hardware.
- uniq - displays lines of a file that are unique
- unset - removes a variable or function. This is a shell
builtin.
- unzip - uncompress files compressed with the zip
utility, compatible with DOS PKzip
- updatedb - update file database used by locate command
- uptime - shows the time, how long the system has been up, the
number of users, and average load.
- useradd - same as adduser
- userdel - remove an account (as root). The user's home
directory and undelivered mail must be dealt with separately.
- users - prints list of users on the system
- vdir - variant of the GNU version of the ls command. Defaults
to printing out the long version of directory entries.
- vi - standard screen oriented Unix editor
- view - vi in read-only mode
- vim - improved vi editor
- vrfy - query remote host to verify the accuracy of an email
address
- w - display info about userids and active processes
- wait - waits for a background process to terminate. This is a
shell builtin.
- wc - displays number of lines, characters and words in a file
- Wharf - the AfterStep application dock module
- whatis - display one-line summary of specified command
- whereis - use to find utilities in standard locations
- which - used to find utilities in search path. Will return the
absolute directory path of the named utility program.
- who - display information about currently logged in userids
- whoami - display information about userid that is currently
logged in
- wish - front end to tk, an X window extension of tcl
- workbone - console based cd player
- workman - graphical cd player program
- write - send messages to another local user
- X - starts up the X server. Can be invoked with
- X -quiet -query remotemachineaddress
in order to get a graphical login screen on the remote machine. See the discussion in connection with xdm below.
- xadm - display advanced power management BIOS information
- xargs - converts standard output of one command into arguments
for another. This is one of those powerful but obscure commands.
Xargs reads arguments from the standard input, delimited by blanks
(which can be protected with double or single quotes or a
backslash) or newlines, and executes the command (default is
/bin/echo) one or more times with any initial-arguments followed by
arguments read from standard input. Blank lines on the standard
input are ignored.
- xbiff - graphical mail delivery notification utility
- xcalc - simple calculator program
- xclipboard - name says it all
- Xconfigurator - Red Hat utility for configuring settings for X
- xdm - used to start an X login session. This can be used to
start a login session on a remote system. See the discussion on the
following site:
See the man pages for X, xdm, and Xserver. As usual, the man pages are pretty obscure. The best single source seems to be the Xserver man pages. After X is configured, X needs to be started at bootup with the command (in /etc/rc.d/init.d/xterm):
- X -quiet -query remotemachineaddress
If the address of a nameserver is not configured, then the numeric address of the remote machine rather than its name should be entered. If the machines are connected through ethernet cards and the net, then obviously basic networking has to be set up. Gnome and KDE come with their own versions of X display/login managers, called respectively gdm and kdm.
- xdvi - view a dvi file compiled under
LATEX
- xedit - a simple text editor for X
- xf86config - graphical configuration tool for X
- XF86Setup - graphical configuration tool for X
- xfd - display an available font in X. Creates a grid in an
x-term with one character per rectangle.
- xfig - utility for interactive generation of figures
- xfm - graphical file manager for X
- xhost - tell X server that remote computer has access to your
machine and that you will use the remote computer. This can be used
to set up remote X sessions. To set up a remote X session on the
UQAM Nobel machine, run the following command on the local machine
(one doesn't have to be root to do this)
- xhost +nobel.si.uqam.ca
Then, log onto the remote machine using rlogin (see above) or telnet. Once logged in, use the following command to get the remote X server to open an X terminal on the local machine:
- setenv DISPLAY localhostname:0 ; xterm &
This is valid for csh, which is the default login shell on Nobel. For ksh, (and I think bash) replace with
- DISPLAY=localhostname:0
- export DISPLAY ; xterm
Other X-based programs such as Netscape or Gauss (graphical version) can also be run on a remote machine with display on the local machine with little trouble. The local X server is the program that has all of the information concerning the properties of the graphics card and terminal, so it must be necessary to have X running on the local machine. The following should also work. After using xhost to give permission to the remote machine to display on the local machine, use
- netscape -display localhostname:0.0
Question: can one start the X session on the local machine and then run a remote copy of a window manager?
- xinit - start X Window. The command startx is a front end to
xinit in Linux, including Slackware.
- xload - displays a graphic of the system load
- xlpq - graphical interface to print manager. This is included
on one of the XFCE menus, but does not seem to be a part of the
base Red Hat distribution.
- xlsfonts - list fonts available under the X Window system.
- xman - browsable command reference. Displays manual pages under
X.
- xmh - graphical front end under X to the nmh mail handling
system. This program is part of the XFree86 package in Red Hat.
- xmodmap - utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button
mappings in X. Can be used to install a French Canadian keyboard.
Download the Xmodmap.cf file from www.linux-quebec.org, and insert
the command
- xmodmap /etc/X11/Xmodmap.cf &
into the .xession (with xdm) or the .xinitrc (with startx) file.
- xosview - displays bar graphs of system load, load average,
memory usage, and swap usage
- xpaint - simple paint program for X
- xpdf - GPL'd utility for previewing dvi files. Doesn't seem to
work too well on texts with a lot of math.
- xplaycd - X Window audio cd player utility
- xsetroot - utility to configure root window of an X terminal
- xsysinfo - graphical display of load and memory usage
- xterm - start an X Window terminal session
- xterm-color - color version of xterm
- xv - utility for viewing and manipulating many types of image
files. This is a shareware program.
- xvidtune - utility for fine tuning of monitor settings under X
- yacc - parser generator
- ytalk - multi-user program similar to talk
- zcat - read one or more files that have been compressed with
gzip or compress and write to standard output
- zcmp - read compressed files and pass them to cmp
- zdiff - read compressed files and pass them to diff
- zgrep - read compressed files and pass them to grep
- Zharf - AfterStep button panel module
- zip - zip utility compatible with DOS PKzip
- zless - view zipped files
- zmore - print contents of compressed files one screen at a time
- znew - uncompress Z files and recompress in .gz format
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