英语书面表达基础复习 张西老师编于08-2-8

 　　大多数同学，英语写作从造句开始，主要还是通过运用五种句型，并仿照已经读懂和掌握的有用句子的方式来学习书面表达。

特别要注意：

一、掌握并运用五种基本句型的知识造出简单句，并在此基础上造并列句和复合句；

二、掌握并运用高一高二课本中每个单元Useful expressions中的句型造句。

　　首先要知道一个句子可以从结构和时态（时间概念）语态两个方面分析和掌握。

 

一、结构 简单句(Simple Sentences)并列句(Compound Sentences)复合句(Complex Sentences)

在十大词类中，动词是表示动作或状态的词；是最重要的词，因为谓语必须而且只能由动词充当，动词分为行为动词、连系动词。不及物动词就是本身意义完整，后面不需要接宾语的动词。例如：The rain stopped.雨停了。What happened yesterday?昨天发生了什么？   及物动词就是后面必须接宾语的动词叫做及物动词。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。而及物动词由于词汇意义的不同可以接1)单宾语He's reading a magazine.他正在读一本杂志。2)双宾语Mr Zhang teaches us English.张老师教我们英语。3)复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语（宾语补足语）。这样就构成了五种基本句型：

基本句型一、主语 + 系动词 + 表语

Marui is a high school student.

基本句型二：  Ｓ  Ｖi   （主＋不及物动词（谓）（主＋谓）     

He work hard.  

基本句型三：  Ｓ  Ｖ  Ｏ      （主＋及物动词 （谓）＋宾He likes English.

基本句型四：  Ｓ  Ｖ  IO  DO  （主＋及物动词（谓）＋间接宾语　+ 直接宾语   He gave Mr Zhang a telephone number yesterday.

基本句型五：  Ｓ  Ｖ  Ｏ  Ｃ  （主＋及物动词（谓）＋宾＋宾语补足语 He asked his teacher to help him with his English-learning.

Marui is a high school student., but Mr. Zhang is a middle-aged teacher of English. Marui is a high school student that is learning in Beijing. [If he works harder he will become a college student], but [his trouble is that he doesn’t work hard enough.]并列复合句

He work hard. 

 Marui is a high school student.

He likes English.

He gave Mr Zhang a telephone number yesterday.

He asked his teacher to help him with his English-learning.

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简单句是只有一个主谓结构的句子。任何一个英语句子都必然是由五种基本句型中的某一种结构而成的。每一种句型都有其共同特征。

并列句则是并列句是由并列连词and, or, so, but 等把两个或两个以上简单句连接起来构成的句子。每个简单句之间是并列而不是从属关系。

1）I like the story very much but Tom wasn’t interested in it.

2）My friend was at home ,and we talked for a long tome.实际上，并列句＝简单句＋简单句。

那么什么是复合句呢？

请比较分析下列简单句与复合句：

1.The eggs on the table were not fresh.在桌上的鸡蛋是新鲜的。这个句子的主语后有一个介词短语做后置定语，是简单句。

2.The eggs [ (which / that) I bought yesterday] were fresh.我昨天买的鸡蛋是新鲜的。这个句子的主语后也有一个后置定语，但这个定语是一个完整的句子修饰，因此是复合句。这种充当定语的句子叫定语从句。另一个句子The eggs were fresh.叫主句。

3.He said,“Hello”. 和He said that he was a good student. 前句是简单句。后句是含有一个宾语从句的复合句。因为宾语由一个句子充当，所以that he was a good student是宾语从句。

4.He said,“Hello”at 8:00 in the morning. 和He said,“Hello”when he saw Mr Zhang this morning. 时间状语由一个句子充当所以when he saw Mr Zhang this morning　是宾语从句。

5. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。因为表语由一个句子充当，所以that they are short of money是表语从句。

6.That the earth is round is known to us all. 因为主语由一个句子充当，所以that the earth is round是zhu语从句。

简单句只有一个主谓结构。但是如果某一个句子成分不是由词或词组充当，而是由一个句子充当，那么这样构成的句子就叫主从复合句。做这个句子成分的句子叫从句；充当什么成分就叫什么从句，如宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句等。充当状语的句子叫状语从句；充当宾语的句子叫宾语从句；充当主语的句子叫主语从句；充当表语的句子叫表语从句。这个句子充当什么成分就叫什么从句。

可见, 复合句是一个简单句结构中, 某一个或几个成分由句子充当，而不是由词或词组充当而构成的有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。

 

并列句和复合句有两个或两个以上主谓结构。简单句只有一套主谓结构。简单句＋并列连词＋简单句＝并列句。

并列句中的分句是独立的而不是象复合句那样从属于另一个句子的谓语，充当另一个句子的某种成分；分句是各自独立的、无从属关系。常见的并列连词有and / or / so / but 等。并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连接起来构成新的句子，每个简单句之间是并列，而不是从属关系。

注意：从句都要用从属连词引导，例如：that（引导宾语从句、表语从句和定语从句）which（哪一个，引导定语从句和宾语从句）although（虽然，引导让步装语从句）if（是否，引导宾语从句；如果，引导条件状语从句）、when（当…时候，引导时间状语从句）、while（当…时候，引导时间状语从句）、as soon as（一…就…，引导时间装语从句）、once（一旦…就…，引导时间条件从句；）因此从属连词很重要。注意：状语有时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、让步、地点等很多种类，由不同的从属连词引导。详见《无敌英语初中语法》380-381页。　

只有搞清楚结构，学会从简单句、并列句、复合句三个方面分析句子,　才能在阅读和造句时不犯大的错误。　

二、时态（时间概念）语态

　同样一种结构的句子,因为动词谓语有时态和语态的变化而不同。例如：主语 + 系动词 + 表语的句子 The park looks beautiful in spring.

1）The park looks beautiful in spring.这是一般现在时;主动语态。

但是如果时间是“去年”“未来”句子就变成了:

2）The park looked beautiful in spring last year.这个公园去年在春天看起来很美丽。这是一般过去时;主动语态。

3）The park will looked beautiful in spring in the future. 这个公园在未来在春天看起来很美丽。这是一般将来时;主动语态。

又如：

4）The door is usually opened by Tom . 一般现在时；被动语态

5）The door was opened by Tom last year. 一般过去时；被动语态 　

6）The door will be opened by Tom last year. 被动语态;一般将来时

一个句子必然有时态、语态。对谓语动词要弄清楚其时态和语态，才能进行肯定句、否定句和疑问句的转换。语态体现在be 动词 + 过去分词上。不管什么语态的句子都有时态，不管什么时态的句子都有不同语态。不同的时态的和不同的动语态都有固定的结构，必须熟练掌握、运用自如。

只有搞清楚学会从谓语的构成方式分析的时态（时间概念）语态才能在阅读理解准确，在造句时通顺正确。

　

练习一 熟读下列句子，体会五种基本句型，并仿照这些句子造句。

主语 + 系动词 + 表语  

1. Jack is a good boy.

2. The park looks beautiful in spring.

3. His leg got hurt just now.

4. Please keep silent!

5. Tom will become a doctor next year.

主语 + 不及物动词

1. My grandma is sleeping now.

2. I will stay in Shanghai for a week.

3. Jack is leaving for New York.

4. It rained hard last night.

5. Lucy arrived in Beijing yesterday.

主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

1. My sister is writing a letter at this moment.

2. Jack enjoys collecting stamps.

3. Our teacher promised to see the movie with us.

4. I don’t know which school he is in.

主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

1. His father bought him a computer.

2. I sent a birthday gift to her yesterday.

3. My mother taught me how to do it.

4. She asked Lucy whose pen it was.

主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

1. We must keep the classroom clean.

2. They consider Jack a brave boy.

3. Let the fresh air in.

4. Lucy will make herself known.

5. I saw the little girl dancing.

练习二 Complete the sentences完成句子练习。

1. 昨天很冷。

 Yesterday it _______________.

2. 我们在这座城市生活了十年。

 We ___________ in the city for ten years.

3. 她去年读了很多英语书。

 She _____________________last year.

4. 半小时前我把我的自行车借给了杰克。

 I ____________________ half an hour ago.

5.他觉得这本书很有趣。

 He ____________________________.

练习三 Fill in the blanks填空。

     This afternoon some American students _____________ (到达)at our school for a visit. I will be their guide. First I will ___________________________(向他们介绍校史). Then I will ____________________ (带他们参观) the lecture hall, the library and the playground. I ____________________(觉得这个计划不错) and they will _______________ (过得愉快)。

练习三 分析判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句；是简单句，分析句子成分；是并列句，分析有几个分句，分句之间是什么关系；是复合句，分析它含有什么从句。

1. He can speak German.

2. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

3. We sang and danced yesterday evening.

4. My brother and I go to school at 7:00 in the morning and come back home at 4:00 in the afternoon.

5. Work hard, and you will make progress.

6. I was tired, but I felt happy.

7. It was cold outside, so we stayed at home.

8. Hurry up, or you’ll be late for class.

9. It began to rain when we got home.

10. Jack didn’t go to school because he caught a cold.

11. All of us know that we must study hard.

12. The lady whom you talked to is our teacher. 

练习四 熟读下列句子，体会简单句、并列句、复合句之间的区别和联系。

Make sentences with the given word  wind / window 用给定的词造出简单句Simple Sentences。

第一组 The wind is very strong. The wind blew hard last night.

I closed the window. The window is open.

第二组 用给定的词造出并列句Compound Sentences。

wind & window

The wind blew hard last night and one of the windows was broken.

第三组 用给定的词造出复合句Complex Sentences。

 wind & window

I closed the window because the wind was blowing hard.

She opened the window as soon as the strong wind stopped blowing.

music / sports

第四组 Simple Sentences  Jack likes music.   His brother enjoys sports.

第五组 Complex Sentences  The little boy who likes music is good at sports.

练习五 熟读下列句子，体会如何把简单句连接成为一个并列句。Join each pair of sentences into one sentence.把下列句子连接成为一个句子。

1. I often arrive late. My boss gets angry. I often arrive late, so my boss gets angry. Because I often arrive late, my boss gets angry.

2. Jack wanted to go swimming. Lucy decided to go shopping.

Jack wanted to go swimming, and / but Lucy decided to go shopping.

3. Jack practised driving for two months. He failed his driving test.

Although Jack practised driving for two months, he failed his driving test. Jack practised driving for two months, but he failed his driving test.

4. You can use the fishing net. I mended it last week. You can use the fishing net (which / that ) I mended last week.

文段写作要领

1）抓住内容要点 2）正确使用时态3）恰当选用过渡词语

4）变化表达方式

 (NMET1998)        

    5月3日，你参观了一个农场。请根据下列图画用英语写一篇日记。

注意：

1、日记须包括所有图画的内容，可以适当增减细节，使日记连贯；

2、词数100左右。

抓住内容要点

§     内容要点：1、集合／出发 2、到达 3、参观 4、野餐 5、娱乐 6、告别

 

meet at the school gate

give sb. a warm welcome

show sb. around

have a picnic lunch

have great fun

say goodbye to sb.

 第一讲 叙事类记叙文 

    记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体，是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文要求学生根据所给情景，组织语言材料，编写成文。一般说来记叙文有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要素，写作时要表达清楚。记人时，要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹等；叙事时要描写事情发生和发展的过程及前因后果等。
【写作点拨】
    叙事类记叙文以叙述事件为主，突出事件发生、发展和解决的过程。在写这类记叙文时要做到：
    1. 重组材料，确定要点。叙事类记叙文写作前要进行立意、构思和选材等一系列过程，高考中的书面表达一般为控制性写作,通常会提供短文的主题和写作内容,考生要对提供的材料进行再加工,确定写作的顺序、要点和重点,拟定使用的句型和词组。
    2. 结构完整、前后呼应。写记叙文必须有头有尾，一般来说，记叙时要把与一件事有关的六要素都交代清楚。文章的主题和内容要一致，文章的结尾与开头要呼应。
    3. 人称统一、线索明确。记叙文可用“你、我、他”三种人称，但如果题目要求你使用某种人称，则必须遵循要求；叙事类记叙文一般按照事件发展的前后顺序进行叙述。
【常见问题】
    1. 要点不全。要点是否齐全通常决定文章的档次。书面表达要上档次，要点齐全是关键。要点提示类书面表达一般不会出现这样的问题，看图作文则常会由于学生观察不细心等原因遗漏要点。
    2. 线索不清。有些短文条理混乱，主要原因是没有确定好写作线索。叙事类文章一般按时间顺序来写。
    3. 时态不明。叙事时时态混乱是学生常犯的错误之一。叙事类记叙文所记的一般是过去发生的事，原则上用过去时，有时也用现在时。
    4. 主次不分。有些同学写作时平均用力，面面俱到，写出来的东西主题不突出，显得呆板乏味。
【佳作赏析】
 请根据下面的要点叙述一次看马戏的经历。
    1. 期中考试后放了三天假，我看了一场马戏。
    2.   表演非常精彩。有小狗表演，独轮车表演等。最刺激的节目是走钢丝。一个男演
      员手里拿着一根平衡杠，头上坐着一个女孩，肩上的钢杠上还挑着两个女孩。当他
      小心翼翼走过钢丝的时候，观众报以热烈的掌声。

    3. 马戏是一种力与美结合的艺术。通过这次表演，我体会到了中国马戏艺术的博大精
       深。
参考词汇：马戏表演circus show   刺激的thrilling        钢丝tightrope       平衡杆balancing pole    钢杆steel bar

<范文>    
Watching a circus show
  I had a three-day holiday after the mid-term examination, so I decided to relax myself by watching a circus show.
  A girl appeared on the stage. She rode a one-wheel bike on a small table with a lot of flowers on it. She didn’t knock down even one flower. Some little dogs also did a good job. The four little dogs did some amusing tricks and one of them could calculate the number! How clever they were!
  The most thrilling program was to see a young man walking on a tightrope. He stood on the very thin rope with a balancing pole on his hands. On his head sat a little girl. Another two girls sat on the ends of a steel bar on his shoulder. The young man took his first step with great care. The rope held. One step! Two, three.... Every viewer held his breath. All the people were anxious about his safety, because the young actor didn’t fasten a safety belt. Any little carelessness could lost his life! At last he succeeded in walking across the 8-meter-long tightrope.
  The performance lasted about two hours. I had a good time at the show.
  The circus is the art of combination of strength and beauty. The Chinese circus is so cool!

<点评>
    小作者叙述了一次看马戏的经历。文章以时间为线索，叙述清楚，详略得当，层次分明，描写生动，过渡自然，显示了作者相当扎实的语言功底。在文章最后，小作者还谈了自己的感想，深化了主题。难能可贵的是小作者使用了较多的高级表达方式，使文章增彩不少。如：复合形容词（onewheel, 8-meter-long），with复合结构（with a balancing pole on his hands），倒装句（On his head sat a little girl），感叹句（How clever they were!）等。
【巩固训练】
   假定你在开学的第一周参加了军训，请按下面的提示用英语叙述你军训第一天的情况。
   1. 当起床铃响起的时候，我还在睡梦之中。我迅速起床，穿好衣服，匆忙赶往操场。教官要求我们在五分钟内完成准备动作。
   2. 教官对我们要求非常严格。一个动作要反复操练一直到他满意为止，但休息时，他和我们一起唱歌、跳舞、讲故事。我们相处得非常融洽。
   3. 训练非常艰苦。太阳很毒，我全身都湿透了，但我们还得继续训练。其中还有位同学晕倒了。
   4. 军训既增强了我们的体质，也磨练了我们克服困难的意志。
注意: 1. 词数: 100-150左右
      2. 参考词汇: 军训 military training 教官 drillmaster
       
（参考答案）
Key1:

                   The first day of the military training

  Yesterday was the first day of the military training. I was dreaming when the bell for getting up rang. The moment I heard the bell, I rose immediately, dressed quickly and then rushed to the playground. The drillmaster asked us to finish preparations within only five minutes.
  The drillmaster was very strict with us. We had to drill an action again and again until he was satisfied. At break time, he joined us in singing, dancing and telling stories. We were getting along very well.  The sun was so strong that my clothes were all wet. But we still went on drilling. One of my classmates fell to the ground in a faint. 
  The life of the military training is very hard, but I think it is meaningful. Not only does it build up our bodies, it also strengthens our determination to overcome difficulties.