Lesson 90 What's for supper? 晚餐吃什么？

Fish and chips has always been a favourite dish in Britain, but as the oceans have been overfished, fish has become more and more expensive. So it comes as a surprise to learn that giant fish are terrifying the divers on North Sea oil rigs. Oil rigs have to be repaired frequently and divers, who often have to work in darkness a hundred feet under water, have been frightened out of their wits by giant fish bumping into them as they work. Now they have had special cages made to protect them from these monsters.The fish are not sharks or killer whales, but favourite eating varieties like cod and skate which grow to unnatural sizes, sometimes as much as twelve feet in length. Three factors have caused these fish to grow so large: the warm water round the hot oil pipes under the sea; the plentiful supply of food thrown overboard by the crews on the rigs; the total absence of fishing boats around the oil rigs. As a result, the fish just eat and eat and grow and grow in the lovely warm water. Who eats who?

油煎鱼加炸土豆片一直是英国人喜爱的一道菜，但是随着海洋里的滥捕滥捞，鱼已经变得越来越昂贵。因此，听说北海石油钻井平台上的潜水员受到巨型鱼类的恐吓，确实很让人吃惊。钻井平台需要经常修理，潜水员常常要在水面100英尺以下摸黑工作，他们曾在工作时被撞到他们身上的大鱼吓得惊惶失措。现在他们有了特制的笼子，用来保护他们免受大鱼的侵袭。这些鱼并不是鲨鱼或逆戟鲸，而是深受人们喜爱的食用鱼品种，如鳕鱼和鳐鱼，只不过它们长得出奇地大，有时长达12英尺。这些鱼能长得这么大是由3个因素造成的：海底热的输油管道附近的温暖的海水；钻井平台工作人员抛到海里充足的食物；钻井平台周围根本没有捕鱼船只。结果是，这些鱼就在可爱的温暖的水流中吃呀吃，长呀长。究竟谁吃谁呢？

课堂笔记（一）

1．Fish and chips has always been a favourite dish in Britain...油煎鱼加炸土豆片一直是英国人喜爱的一道菜...
fish and chips 被看做是一个整体，因此，虽然chips 是复数形式，它后面却要跟动词的单数形式。（ cf．本课词汇学习）
（1）dish 在这里指“一盘菜”或“菜肴”、“食品”：
I like French dishes.
我喜欢（吃）法国菜。
Would you like a sweet dish?
您要一盘甜食吗？
（2）the dishes餐具
（3）常用于口语，用做单数
Mary's new boy-friend is quite a dish,isn't he?Mary新交的男朋友挺帅的，是不是？（4）dish the dirt揭短，揭疮疤
Journalists dished the dirt about this famous singer.
记者们揭了这个著名歌星的疮疤。

（5）dish out 大量分发
There are many peole dishing out leaflets to passers-by.
有很多的人正在向路人分发传单。

2。terrify 使某人害怕，感到恐怖
He terrified the children with ghost stories.
他用鬼故事来吓孩子们。
You scared me!
吓我一跳!
frighten最普通,没有特殊的意义,仅表示"吓唬"或"使……害怕"；scare在口语中与frighten可以通用,但是在文学作品中,总是用它表示"把某人吓跑"；scare还表示恐吓，实际并没有发生的事情。terrify指"使(某人)感到恐怖",受到这种惊吓的人是不能自制的。语气最强烈.Fear当我们害怕某种东西而而产生的一种害怕感觉。

3。divers have been frightened out of their wits by giant fish bumping

into them as they work．...潜水员曾在工作时被撞到他们身上的大鱼吓得惊慌失措。
（1）be frightened/scared to death/out of one's wits某人被吓得要死
The children are frightened  to death by the thunderstorm.
孩子们让雷雨吓得要命。
（2）out of one's wits 表示“失去理智”、“惊慌失措”：
She was frightened out of her wits by the great fire.
大火吓得她惊慌失措。
Are you out of your wits?（Are you out of your mind?)
你疯了吗？
（3）bump into 的含义之一是“碰上”、“撞上”：
bump against/into sth与某物相撞
I bumped into a chair in darkness.
我在黑暗中碰到了椅子。
Wandering in darkness, the drunk bumped into a policeman.
那醉汉在黑夜中闲荡时撞到了一个警察的身上。
bump into 也可以表示“偶然遇见”、“碰见”（多用于口语）：
Guess who I bumped into today?
你猜我今天碰到谁了？
I bumped into Jane at the conference.
我开会时碰见了简。

4.Now they have had special cages made to protect them from these
monsters. 现在他们有了特制的笼子，用来保护他们免受大鱼的侵袭。
（1）have had...made 是使役式的完成式。（cf．第66 课语法）
have 作为完全动词还可以构成使役式，其形式为： have+名词或宾格代词+动词的过去分词。由于have 是完全动词，所以其疑问句与否定句由do/did 构成。与被动语态相似，使役式着重表示的是对某物（或某人）做了什么而不是某人做了什么。用被动语态或使役式时，我们可能不知道或认为不必指明为我们服务的人是谁。然而，使役式比被动语态更加强调“使”别人为我们服务这一事实。我们要表示让别人为我们做某事时，通常不用主动语态。让别人给理发时，不可说I want to cut my hair 而要说 I want to have my hair cut。

I' m having my car repaired.
我正在让别人修理我的汽车。（使役式的进行式）
Did she mend the type writer herself?
No, she had it mended in town.
是她自己修理打字机的吗？（主动语态）
不，她让别人在城里修的。（使役式）
How nice your car looks!
Thank you. I' ve just had it washed.
你的车看上去真漂亮！
谢谢。我刚让人洗过。（使役式的完成式）
You' ll need some warm clothes for the journey.
I'll have some new clothes made next week.
这次出去旅行你需要带一些暖和的衣服。
我下周就让人做几件。（使役式的将来式）

（2）protect 经常与from 或against 连用：保护，保卫某人
He tried to protect the child from the rain/the dog.
他试图使孩子不被雨淋/狗咬。
This coat will protect you against the cold.
这件大衣可以给你御寒。

语法点：反意疑问句

1.反意疑问句的形式

反意疑问句一般有以下四种形式：
肯定陈述句+否定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil is red,isn't it?
否定陈述句+肯定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil isn't red,is it?
肯定陈述句+肯定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil is red,isn't it?
否定陈述句+否定反意疑问句。例如：
This pencil isn't red,isn't it?
前两种形式是主要的，后两种不常见。

2.反意疑问句的用法

1）当陈述部分是there存在句时，反意疑问部分的主语用there。例如：
There aren't a lof of flowers in the garden in winter,are there?
There existed different oppinions on this issue,didn't there?

2）当陈述部分是以不定代词one作主语时，反意疑问句的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you。例如：
One cannot succeed at this,can one?
One cannot succeed at this,can you?

3）当陈述部分是I'm...结构时，反意疑问部分一般用aren't I。例如：
I am a student,aren't I?

4）当陈述部分是一个带有that引导的宾语从句的复合结构时，反意疑问部分一般根据主句的主语和谓语动词而定，例如：
You told me (that)I had passed the exam,didn't you?
He says that everybody in our class will attend the meeting,dosen't he?
但是，当陈述部分的主句是I think,I suppose,I believe等结构时，反意疑问部分则往往由that从句中的主语和谓语动词决定，并且要注意否定的转移。例如：
I believe(that)it is going to rain,isn't it?
I don't think (that)be will come,will he?

5）当陈述部分的谓语动词是have时，反意疑问部分要根据have的意义及形式而定。
a.当have表示“所有”含义时，反意疑部厅以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如：He has a book in his hand,hasn't he?
He has a book in his hand,doesn't he?

b.当陈述部分的动词是have的否定形式时，反意疑问部分是用have形式还是用do形式，取决于陈述部分的动词形式。例如：
You haven't a car,have you?
You don't have any money with you,do you?

c.当have不表示“所有”含义而表示其他含义时，反意疑问句则必须用do的形式。例如：
We had a good time in the vacation,didn't we?
He has his breakfast at seven everyday,doesn't he?
You have to get up early tomorrow,don't you?

6）当陈述部分带有never,nothing,nowthere,seldom,hardly,rarely,few,little
等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。例如：
The wummit meeting never took place,did it?
You can hardly believe what he said,can you?
There is little ink in the bottle,is there?
Few people know this place,do they?

当陈述部分的谓语动词是带有un-，in-，dis-等否定前缀的动词，则仍然把陈述部分看作肯定句，那么反意疑问部分用否定形式。例如：
He is impolite to the teacher,isn't he?

7）当陈述部分带有情态动词ought to时，反意疑问部分在英式英语中用ought to 形式，在美式英语中用should形式。例如：
You ought to see the new picture,shouldn't you?
Teachers ought to be honoured,oughtn't they?

8）当陈述部分带有情态动词used to时，反意疑问部分可以用used to形式，也可以用did形式。例如：
She used to live abroad,usedn't she?
There used to be a newsstand in the corner of the street,didn't there?

9）当陈述部分带有情态动词must时，反意疑问部分需视must的含义而定。
a.当must表示“命令或强制”时，反意疑问部分用mustn't。例如：
You must do it by yourself,mustn't you?
b.当must表示“有必要”时，反意疑问句用needn't，例如：
You must see him tonight,meedn't you?
c.当must表示“一定”或“想必”等推测意义时，反意疑问部分不用mustn't，而根据must后的动词形式而定。例如：
He must be crazy to do so,isn't he?
She must have been there for a long time,hasn't she?
They must have stayed at home last might,didn't they?

10）当陈述部分带有need时，反意疑问部分需视need的含义而定。如果need用作情态动词，则反意疑问部分用need形式；如果need用作实义动词，表示“需要”，则反意疑问部分用do形式。例如：
You needn't go there,need you?
She needs to fo there,doesn't she?
Plants need sun to grow,don't they?

11）当陈述部分有I'd better或I'drather时，反意疑问部分用hadn't或wouldn't。例如：
You'd better finish the task before tomorrow,hadn't you?
He'd rather stay with us,wouldn't he?

12）当陈述部分是祈使句时，反意疑问部分一般用will you，won't you,would you。例如：
Don't be too late,will you?
Close the door,won't you?
Come here,will you?
Open your books,would you?

当陈述部分是以Let's开头的祈使句时，反意疑问部分用shall we；若是以Let us 开头的祈使句，反意疑问部分则用will you。例如：

Let's have a party tonight,shall we?
Let us have a look at you pictures,will you?

注意，如果祈使句是否定形式，那么反意疑问句只能用will you。例如：
Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow,will you?