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新概念英语第二册第77课课文及课堂笔记（一）
(2006-10-27 12:00:16)| 分类： 新概念英语 |
Lesson 77 A
successful operation
第77课 一例成功的手术
课堂笔记（一）
1) A.D.
应该写在年数之前, B.C. 应该写在年数之后, 如: from 300 B.C. to A.D.
400 由公元前三百年到公元四百年
B.C.为Before Chris（t 公元前）的缩写，A.D.表示anno Domini (=in the year
of the Lord 或 since Christ was born),即“公元”。A.D.用来与B.C.形成对比，
出现在正式的史书中，平时一般不用。
B.C.为Before Chris（t 公元前）的缩写，A.D.表示anno Domini (=in the year
of the Lord 或 since Christ was born),即“公元”。A.D.用来与B.C.形成对比，
出现在正式的史书中，平时一般不用。
2) operation
give an operation on sb 给某人做手术
have an operation (on sb) 动手术
operation on sb. for sth.
operation to do sth.
be in operation
come into operation生效，起作用
bring into operation 实施;使生效
When does the plan come into operation?这项计划什么时候实施？
Is this rule in operation yet?这条规定生效了吗？
come into operation生效，起作用
bring into operation 实施;使生效
When does the plan come into operation?这项计划什么时候实施？
Is this rule in operation yet?这条规定生效了吗？
3）The mummy is that
of Shepenmut
that 用以指代前面的 the mummy，以避免重复。在指代特指的事物时，
尤其是在比较状语从句中，常用that 和those 指代前面提到的事物：
The cost of living here is lower than that in London.
这里的生活费用比伦敦的要低。
that of 和those of 一般用于较正式的文体中：
The area of the USA is larger than that of Britain.
美国的面积比英国的大。
Tom's pen is better than that of the other boys.
汤姆的笔比其他男孩的要好。
that 用以指代前面的 the mummy，以避免重复。在指代特指的事物时，
尤其是在比较状语从句中，常用that 和those 指代前面提到的事物：
The cost of living here is lower than that in London.
这里的生活费用比伦敦的要低。
that of 和those of 一般用于较正式的文体中：
The area of the USA is larger than that of Britain.
美国的面积比英国的大。
Tom's pen is better than that of the other boys.
汤姆的笔比其他男孩的要好。
4）plate
（照相）底片
...plates taken of the mummy,taken是过去分词作定语修饰plates，take the plates of 给......拍片子
hand/give sb sth on a plate把某事物奉送某人/让某人轻易获得某事物
You can't expect promotion to be handed to you on a plate.晋升的事不要期望会给你送货上门。
...plates taken of the mummy,taken是过去分词作定语修饰plates，take the plates of 给......拍片子
hand/give sb sth on a plate把某事物奉送某人/让某人轻易获得某事物
You can't expect promotion to be handed to you on a plate.晋升的事不要期望会给你送货上门。
5）die
of,死于......，因......而死（后面跟名词）。
His grandfather died of a bad cold/died of hunger.
他爷爷死于重感冒／是饿死的。
His grandfather died of a bad cold/died of hunger.
他爷爷死于重感冒／是饿死的。
6）The operation,
which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very
difficult
（1）last 表示“持续”、“延续”时为不及物动词，后面通常跟一个表 示时间的名词／短语，for 可有可无：
The war between the two countries lasted (for) over three years/until 1453.
这两个国家之间的战争持续了3 年多／一直持续到1453 年。
（2）prove 表示“证明”、“证实”，后面可以跟从句、形容词、名词、不定式等：
We've been trying to sell our house, but it's proved to be very difficult.
我们一直试图把房子卖掉，不过事实证明这很困难。
You should first prove that you bought these goods here.
你应该首先证明这些物品你是从这里买的。
prove sth to sb.向某人证明某事物属实
difficult
（1）last 表示“持续”、“延续”时为不及物动词，后面通常跟一个表 示时间的名词／短语，for 可有可无：
The war between the two countries lasted (for) over three years/until 1453.
这两个国家之间的战争持续了3 年多／一直持续到1453 年。
（2）prove 表示“证明”、“证实”，后面可以跟从句、形容词、名词、不定式等：
We've been trying to sell our house, but it's proved to be very difficult.
我们一直试图把房子卖掉，不过事实证明这很困难。
You should first prove that you bought these goods here.
你应该首先证明这些物品你是从这里买的。
prove sth to sb.向某人证明某事物属实
（3）which
引导的分句为非限定性关系从句，因为它前后都有逗号。非限定性关系从句提供补充信息，往往可以略去。逗号的取舍有时对句子的意思有很大影响：
The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.
承诺减税的政府将赢得人心。（限定性）
The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular.
这个政府承诺减税，它将会赢得人心。（非限定性）
The government which promises to cut taxes will be popular.
承诺减税的政府将赢得人心。（限定性）
The government, which promises to cut taxes, will be popular.
这个政府承诺减税，它将会赢得人心。（非限定性）
（4）在非限定性关系从句中，指人的关系代词只能用who/whom,
不能用that（限定性从句则可以）；指物的关系代词只能用which,不能用that;带介词的非限定性关系从句中也不能用that:
The astronauts, who are said to be very excited, are ex pected to land on themoon shortly.
那些宇航员们可望不久登上月球，据说他们很激动。
This garage, which my father built in his lifetime has lasted for a long time.
我父亲生前建的这个车库已经有很长时间了。（which 不可省略）
在非限定性关系从句中，which 有时可用来代替前面提到的整 个分句：
She married Joe, which(=and this/that) surprised everyone.
她嫁给了乔，这使大家都感到意外。
The astronauts, who are said to be very excited, are ex pected to land on themoon shortly.
那些宇航员们可望不久登上月球，据说他们很激动。
This garage, which my father built in his lifetime has lasted for a long time.
我父亲生前建的这个车库已经有很长时间了。（which 不可省略）
在非限定性关系从句中，which 有时可用来代替前面提到的整 个分句：
She married Joe, which(=and this/that) surprised everyone.
她嫁给了乔，这使大家都感到意外。
（5）1)
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3)
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,
这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
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