1991年英语词汇和语法试题参考答案快速扫描
1.C
11.C
21.B
1991年语法结构与词汇分析
Section A
1.[考点] what引导主语从句[分析]
本题句子是由and连接的两个并列句,后一分句中的主语是“
2.[考点] “on +名词/动名词”的固定结构[分析]
“on+名词或动名词”结构,相当于时间状语从句,意为“就在……之后;一……就”,强调时间的短促和动作的紧凑。如:On
arriving (或On arrival) I discovered they had
gone.(我一到达就发现他们已经离开了。)[句意]
我一回来,就得知史密斯教授去了博物馆,几个小时后才会回来。[补充]
“一……就……”的英语表示法见1991年第18题。3.[考点]
形容词辨析[分析] similar意为“相像的,
类似的”,可作定语或表语,如:We have similar
interests.(我们兴趣相仿。)The two houses are similar in
size.(两座房子大小差不多。)alike意为“相像的,相似的”,一般只作表语,如:My
sister and I do not look
alike.(我和妹妹外貌不相像。)same意为“相同的,同一的”,要与定冠词the连用,如:The
same thing happened to me last
week.(上星期我也遇到了同样的事。)likely意为“很可能的,合适的”,如:the
most likely outcome(最可能的结果),the most likely candidate for
the
job(这项工作最适宜的人选)。因此,从含义上和语法上都符合句子要求的是[A]similar,similar
situation表示“类似的情形”。[句意]
任何与孩子们在一起待过的人都会察觉到男孩和女孩对类似情形的反应方式的不同。[补充]
表示“相似的、相同的”含义的形容词还有:
(1) like意为“相似的,类似的”,如:a chance to meet people of
like mind(与志趣相投的人结识的机会)。(2)
comparable意为“类似的,可比较的”,如:A comparable house in the
south of the city would cost twice as
much.(一栋类似的房子位于城南部就要贵一倍的价钱。)(3)
parallel意为“极相似的,同时发生的”,如:a parallel
case(极相似的事例),parallel trends(并行发展的趋势)。(4)
uniform意为“一致的,统一的,一律的”,如:uniform rates of
pay(统一的薪资标准)。(5) identical意为“完全相同的”,如:a row
of identical houses(一排完全一样的房子)。(6)
twin意为“双重的,两个同时发生的”,如:The prison service has the
twin goals of punishment and
rehabilitation.(监狱有惩罚和改造双重功能。)(7)homogeneous意为“由相同或同类型事物或人组成的,同种类的”,如:a
homogeneous group(相同成分组成的群体)。4.[考点]
固定短语辨析[分析] 选项都是含介词in的固定短语。in
detail意为“详细地”,如:This issue will be discussed in detail
later.(这个问题待会儿将详细讨论。)in brief
“简明扼要地,没有细节地”(表示写作和说话等的简明精悍),如:Now
the rest of the news in brief.(现在简要报道其他新闻。)in short
“总之,简言之”(表总结,侧重话语的长短,在冗长的叙述之后长话短说),如:His
novels belong to a great but vanished age. They are, in short,
old-fashioned.(他的小说属于一个辉煌但已逝去的时代。总之,已经过时了。)in
all意为“总计,共计”,如:There were twelve of us in all for
dinner.(我们一共十二人吃饭。)本题中前后两个分句之间存在因果关系,由于“剩下的时间不多”,所以“长话短说”,从句意上看,应选[B]in
brief。[句意]
剩下的时间不多了,(所以)我将简明扼要地跟你说一下这件事。[补充]
in a word简言之,一句话,总之;in any event无论如何;in
conclusion总之;in earnest认真地;in general一般来说;in one’s
way妨碍;in public公开地;in secret秘密地;in the air传播;in
times时常。如:I might see you tomorrow, but I’ll phone in any
event.(我明天可能会去看你,但无论如何,我都会给你打电话的。)I’m
sure he was in earnest when he said he wanted to marry
her.(当他说他要娶她时,我确信他是认真的。)The negotiations were
conducted in secret.(谈判在秘密进行。)5.[考点] 动宾搭配[分析]
admit意为“承认,接纳,容许”,如:admit one’s
mistakes/one’s
guilt/little light into the
room(承认错误/认罪/允许少量光线进入房间内)。acknowledge意为“承认,答谢,报偿”,如:acknowledge
the need for reform/financial
support(承认改革的必要性/感谢资助);absorb意为“吸收,同化”,如:absorb
oxygen/refugees(吸收氧气/接纳难民)。consider意为“考虑,认为”,如:She
considered her options.(她考虑了各种选择。)He considered himself
an expert on this
subject.(他认为自己是这门学科的专家。)根据句意,“建议”应该被“考虑”,因此[D]consider正确。[句意]
在这家工厂,建议常常要等上好几个月才得以充分考虑。[补充]
常与suggestion搭配的动词有:accept/adopt/take up
~“接受,采纳(建议)”;advance/come up with/ give/make/offer/put
forward/submit ~“提出(建议)”;deny/dismiss/reject
~“不理会,拒绝接受(建议)”;welcome
~“欢迎提(建议)”;consider/look at/note
~“注意,考虑(建议)”。6.[考点]
虚拟条件句中的倒装结构[分析]
[补充]
虚拟条件句中的倒装结构虚拟条件句中如果含有were,had或should,可以把它们提前到句首,省去连词if,变成倒装句。如:(1)与过去事实相反:Had
he not been promoted (=If he had not been promoted), he would
never have remained with the
company.(如果他的职位没有得到晋升,他早就不在这个公司了。)(2)与现在事实相反:Were
he indoors(=If he were indoors), he wouldn’t feel so
cold.(他要是在室内就不会觉得冷了。)(3)对将来的推测:Should you
change your mind(=If you should change you mind), no one would
blame you.(如果你要改变主意,没有人会怪你。)7.[考点]
将来完成时态[分析]
by表示时间时,意为“到……时为止”,谓语动词用完成时态:“by+表示现在的时间”用现在完成时;“by+表示将来的时间”用将来完成时;“by+表示过去的时间”用过去完成时。如:He
ought to have arrived by now/by this time.(他现在应该已经到了。)I
will have it done by tomorrow.(我将于明天之前让人做完这件事。)By
the end of last month, we had fulfilled the production
task.(到上个月末,我们已经完成了生产任务。)本句中probably表明2000年在当时指的是将来时间,所以应该用将来完成时,因此,[C]项正确。[句意]
到2000年时,科学家将可能已经发现了治疗癌症的方法。
[补充]
将来完成时将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。这一时态经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可与before或by
the time引导的现在时的从句(表示将来)连用。如:(1)I shall have
finished it by next Friday.(到下周五我就把它完成了。)(2)They
will have graduated before
2008.(他们在2008年前就会毕业了。)(3)The conference will have
lasted a full week by the time it
ends.(这次会议将持续整整一周才结束。)8.[考点]
形容词辨析[分析]
gloomy意为“阴暗的,忧郁的,前景黯淡的”,一般不用来修饰人,如:a
gloomy room/expression/picture of the economic
future(昏暗的房间/沮丧的表情/经济前景的黯淡景象)。dull修饰事物时意为“枯燥无味的,不明亮的”,如:dull
life/day(无聊的生活/阴沉的天);修饰人时意为“迟钝的,愚笨的”,如:a
dull
pupil(反应迟钝的学生)。awkward修饰事物时意为“令人尴尬的,难对付的”,如:an
awkward
silence/question(令人尴尬的沉默/不好回答的问题);修饰人时意为“笨拙的,姿势不优美的”,如:He
tried to dance, but he was too
awkward.(他试着跳舞,但是太笨拙。)tedious意为“单调乏味的,沉闷的,冗长的”,不用来修饰人,如:the
tedious
journey/details(乏味的旅行/冗长的细节)。根据句意,应选择[B]项dull。[句意]
吉姆并不笨,但是上学期期末考试他考砸了。[补充]
近义形容词:(1)可以修饰人的有:①boring“令人厌烦的”,如:Her
husband is the most boring person I’ve ever
met.(她丈夫是我所遇到的最让人讨厌的人。)②dense指“愚钝的”,如:He
is so dense that he will never understand why he
failed.(他愚蠢到极点以致永远也想不明白自己为什么失败。)③ignorant指“无知的,愚昧的”,an
ignorant and uneducated
man(一个愚昧无知的人)。④shallow指“肤浅的”,如:If he’s only
interested in your looks, that shows how shallow he
is.(如果他只在乎你的外表,就可以看出他有多肤浅。)⑤thick指“迟钝的,愚笨的”,如:as
thick as two short
planks(笨得像木头人)。(2)不可修饰人的是monotonous,它表示“单调的,无变化的”,如:a
monotonous voice/diet(单调乏味的声音/饮食)。9.[考点]
名词辨析[分析]
command作可数名词,意为“命令”;作不可数名词,意为“控制,指挥”,如:You
must obey the captain’s commands.(你必须服从船长的命令。)He has
200 men under his
command.(他掌管着200人。)conviction作可数名词,意为“定罪”;作不可数名词,意为“深信,肯定”,如:She
had six previous convictions for theft.(她有六次盗窃前科。)He
said he agreed but his voice lacked
conviction.(他说他赞同,但语气不坚定。)consent一般作不可数名词,意为“同意,准许”,如:The
written consent of a parent is
required.(要求有家长的书面同意。)compromise作可数和不可数名词都意为“妥协,和解”,如:After
lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a
compromise.(双方经过长期的商谈终于达成了妥协。)根据句意,应该选择[C]consent。[句意]
未经父母同意,男孩溜出房间朝游泳池走去。10.[考点]
冠词的位置[分析]
opinion作“意见、见解”解时是可数名词,单数可数名词必须要与冠词连用,因此首先可以排除缺少冠词的[B]项。另外,由于句子上下文中没有特指何种观点,因此opinion前应使用不定冠词a/an,而不能使用表示特指的定冠词the,[C]项和[D]项冠词使用错误。正确答案是[A]a
rather strong
opinion。注意,当rather同形容词连用修饰单数可数名词时,不定冠词放在rather前后均可,如:rather
a difficult /a rather difficult question,本题中[A]还可改为rather
a strong opinion。[句意] 他对这个话题的见解相当坚决。[补充]
冠词的位置(1)
不定冠词的位置。不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但是下列情况除外:①位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half。如:such
an animal;What a beautiful house! many a man(许多人);half an
hour。②当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too,
how等修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。如:as pleasant a day as I
have ever spent;so short a time;too long a distance;how clever a
girl。③quite同形容词连用修饰名词时,应置于不定冠词前。如:quite a
different
problem。④在as,though引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:Brave
a man though he is(=though he is a brave man),he trembles at the
sight of
snakes.(他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是会发抖。)(2)定冠词的位置。定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但应放在all,both,double,half,twice,three
times等词之后,名词之前。如:All the students;both the
women;double the amount we already have(现有数量的两倍);half
the fruit;an area twice the size of
Wales(两倍于威尔士大小的地区)。11.[考点] 固定搭配[分析]
cannot help doing sth.和cannot help but do
sth.是固定结构,都表示“不得不做某事,禁不住做某事”,其中can不能用be
able to替代,因此[A]和[B]错误。cannot help (to) do
sth.意为“不能帮助做某事”,如:I’m very busy, so I cannot help
(to) water the
garden.(我很忙,所以不能帮着浇园了。)根据句意,[D]项显然不对。因此[C]项正确。[句意]
当珍尼从自行车上掉下来时,其他孩子忍不住笑了起来。[补充]
类似的短语:(1) cannot help doing “不能不、禁不住”,如:I
couldn’t help thinking about the
past.(我禁不住想起过去的事。)(2)cannot but do (=cannot help but
do),如:Talk to the guy for five minutes, and you can’t help but
like him.(去和那个人聊上五分钟,你也会禁不住喜欢他的。)(3)have
no choice but to do(=can’t choose but do),如:We had no choice
but to destroy the
animal.(我们别无选择,只好杀了这只动物。)12.[考点]
比较结构中成分的一致[分析]
比较结构中,被比较的应是同等成分,因此表比较的连词than前后应该连接相同结构的成分,如:It
is more a lie than the truth.(这是个谎言而非真话。)It will do you
more bad than
good.(这件事对你害大于利。)本句中,it为形式主语,不定式to die on
one’s
feet为真正的主语,than后应接不定式结构,与主语不定式构成比较关系。因此,[D]项正确。[句意]
宁可站着死,决不跪着生。13.[考点] 名词辨析[分析] element指“a
necessary or typical part of
sth.”,即“(事物中的)要素,基本部分”,如a key element in our
decision(我们决策时考虑的一个主要因素);Customer relations is an
important element of the
job.(与客户的关系是这个工作的重要部分。)spot意为“斑点,地点”,如:a
black skirt with white spots(黑底白点的裙子);a quiet
spot(宁静的地方)。sense意为“意义,含义,感觉”,如:The word
“love” is used in different senses by different
people.(“爱”这个字被不同的人用来表示不同的含义。)the six
sense(第六感觉,直觉)。point指“the main or most important idea
in sth. that is said or done”,即“重点,要点,核心问题”,如:I
missed the point of his
story.(我没有抓住他的故事的要点。)根据句意,这里强调的不是讲话的“部分内容”或“含义”,而是“要点”,因此,[D]项正确。[句意]
他讲话最重要的一点就是我们都应全心全意为人民服务。14.[考点]
形容词辨析[分析] superior意为“更好的,更高的”,(be) superior
to意为“比……更好/更胜一筹”,如:This model is technically
superior to its
competitors.(这一款式在技术上超过与之竞争的产品。)advantageous意为“有利的,有好处的”,(be)
advantageous to表示“对……有好处”,如:A free trade agreement
would be advantageous to both
countries.(自由贸易协定对两国都会有利。)super多用于口语,意为“顶好的,超级的”,如:a
super
meal/place(一顿美餐;一个很棒的地方)。beneficial意为“有利的,有帮助的”,(be)
beneficial to表示“对……有好处/有帮助”,如:A good diet is
beneficial to
health.(良好的饮食有益于健康。)本题句中存在比较含义,只有[A]项superior符合题意。[句意]
这只表比市面上所有其他的表都要好。[补充]
有些形容词本身没有比较级和最高级,但是与介词to连用可以表示比较含义(注意:不能与than连用),这类词常见的有:
(1)junior(比……年轻/级别低),senior(比……年长/级别高),如:She
is junior/senior to
me.(她比我年纪小/大。)(2)inferior(比……低劣的),superior(比……更好的),如:Their
performance was inferior/superior to that of other
teams.(他们队表现得不如其他队/比其他队好。)(3)prior(比……在前的/优先的),posterior(比……较晚的),如:All
the arrangements should be completed prior to your
departure.(所有安排都应该在你离开前完成。)various events that
happened posterior to the 19th century
(19世纪以后发生的种种事件)。(4)anterior(比……前面的,在前的),subsequent(在……之后),previous(比…在前的,早先的),如:ages
anterior to the flood(洪水前的各个时期);events that happened
subsequent to the accident(事故之后发生的事);on some day
previous to Christmas(在圣诞节前的某一天)。15.[考点]
形近动词辨析[分析]
assume意为“假定,认为;承担;呈现(外观、样子)”,如:assume the
worst/responsibility/the form of an
eagle(往最坏处想/承担责任/以鹰的形象出现)。accomplish意为“完成,达到,实现”,如:accomplish
one’s mission/a
purpose(完成使命/达到目的)。attain意为“(经过努力)获得;达到(某年龄、水平、状况)”,如:trying
to attain self-confidence/attain the age
of(努力获得自信/(年龄)有……岁了)。assemble意为“装配,集合,
聚集”,如:assemble a
machine/data(装配机器/汇集数据)。本题所选动词接的宾语是“速度”,因此[C]项正确,attain
a speed意为“达到……速度”。
[句意] 台风的风速可达到每小时120公里以上。[补充]
常与speed搭配的动词有:reach ~ 达到(速度);build
up/gain/gather/increase/pick up ~ 加(速);curb/kill/reduce ~
减(速);maitain ~ 保持(速度)。16.[考点]
暗示虚拟条件的词语[分析] 本题选项都是介词短语。in spite
of意为“尽管,虽然”,常引导让步状语,如:In spite of his age, he
still leads an active
life.(尽管年事已高,他依旧过着一种忙碌的生活。)but
for意为“若不是”,相当于if it were not
for,常用于虚拟语气,如:But for the rain we should have had a
pleasant
journey.(要不是下雨,我们本可以有一段愉快的旅行。)because
of意为“因为”,表原因,如:This plan was dropped because of its
risk.(这个计划被放弃了,因为它太冒险。)as
for意为“至于,关于”,如:As for the food for the party, that’s
all being taken care
of.(关于聚会要用的食物,都在置办当中。)本题中主句的谓语使用了would
have done形式,是虚拟语气,因此[B]项正确。[句意]
要不是英语考试,上周日我就去听音乐会了。[补充]
有些句子中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示虚拟条件的存在。这类句子大都表示与过去事实相反的情况。常用来表示这种含蓄虚拟语气的词有:but
for, without, under … condition,or, but, otherwise, or,
unfortunately等,如:Without(=If there had not been)your help, I
wouldn’t have achieved so
much.(要不是有你的帮助,我不会取得这么大的成就。)Under more
favorable conditions(=If we had had more favorable conditions),
we could have done better.(如果条件再好点,我们会做得更好。)I
would have rung you up but the telephone was out of order(=if my
telephone had not been out of
order)(我本可以给你打电话的,可是没想到电话坏了。)17.[考点]
“情态动词+动词完成式”结构[分析]
题目中表转折关系的连词otherwise(否则)实际上暗示了虚拟条件的存在,根据其下文的内容可知,它相当于If
Mary had received my letter。
[A]项陈述事实,表示“已经收到信了”,与otherwise的含义相矛盾,首先排除。[B]和[D]项含义相反,ought
to have done表示“过去应该做但实际上却没有做”,shouldn’t have
done表示“过去本不应该做而实际上却做了”,如:You ought to have
returned the book earlier.(你本应该早些还书的。)He shouldn’t
have done it so
carelessly.(他本不应该这样草率做事的。)显然,它们都不符合句意。[C]项couldn’t
have
done是正确答案,表示对过去的否定推测,意为“不可能已经……,可能没有……”。类似本题的句子又如:She
wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the
meeting so
early.(她感到不舒服,不然她不会那么早离开会场的。)[句意]
玛丽多半没有收到我的信,不然她此前早就回信了。[补充]
“情态动词+动词完成式”结构(即“may, must,
should等+have+过去分词”)(1)“must +
have+过去分词”表示对过去事情的肯定性推测,意为“一定,必定已经”。如:He
is quite tired. He must have been overworking last
night.(他太累了,准是昨晚一直在加班。)
(2)“may/might +
have+过去分词”表示不肯定的推测,意为“或许已经,可能已经”。如:He
is so depressed. I’m afraid that he might have failed in the
test.(他心情这么沮丧,恐怕考试没有过。)(3)“can/could(not) +
have+过去分词”有两种用法。①表示对过去事情进行不肯定的推测,意为“(不)可能已经”。如:He
couldn’t have finished the homework in such a short
time.(他不可能在如此短的时间内做完了家庭作业。)②
表示本来能做而未做,意为“本来可以”。如:You could have finished
your paper if you hadn’t gone to the
party.(如果不去参加聚会,你本可以完成你的作业的。)(4)“should /
shouldn’t / ought to / ought not to /need/needn’t+
have+过去分词”用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,意为“应该做而未做
/ 不应该做却做了”。如He oughtn’t to have been complaining about
such a trivial
matter.(他本不应该为这件小事而抱怨不休。)18.[考点]
固定搭配[分析]
hardly…when为固定搭配,意为“一……就……”。主句中的谓语动词用过去完成时,when引导的从句的谓语动词用一般过去时;当hardly置于句首时,要求部分倒装,即助动词提到主语前,如:We
had hardly(或Hardly had we)sat down at the table, when the phone
rang.(我们刚在桌子旁坐下,电话铃就响了。)本题考查的就是这一结构,因此,[A]为正确答案。[B]中no
sooner不与when搭配,而与than搭配,[D]中scarcely可与when搭配,“no
sooner…than”和“scarcely…when”都意为“一……就”,与hardly…when的用法相同,如:No
sooner had she heard the news than she
cried.(她一听到这个消息就哭了。)Scarcely had the game started
when it began to
rain.(比赛才开始就下起雨来。)因此,[B]项搭配错误,[D]项时态错误,应改为过去完成时。[C]项中的not
until意为“直到……才……”,一般不与when连用,而且当它置于句首时,主句要用倒装结构,如:Not
until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat
is.(直到19 世纪初,人类才知道热能是什么。)[句意]
他刚一开始讲话,听众就把他打断了。[补充]
“一……就……”的其他英语表示法(1) scarcely ...
before,如:Scarcely had the bell rung before they went to the
playground. (铃一响,他们就到操场上去了。)(2) as soon as,如:As
soon as she entered the room, she knew there was something
wrong.(她刚进屋就知道有点不对劲。)(3) on+名词/动名词,如:On
arriving/arrival at the village,we were warmly welcomed by the
villagers.(我们一到那个村子,就受到了村民们的热烈欢迎。)
(4) at+名词/动名词,如:At seeing her mother/ At the sight of her
mother,the girl burst into
tears.(一见到母亲,那女孩就放声大哭起来。)
(5) the instant/the moment/the minute (that),如: I will pay you
back, I promise, the moment I get
paid.(我保证一拿到薪水就还你钱。)(6)
immediately/instantly/directly,如:Immediately the discussion was
finished,the meeting was over. (讨论一完毕,会就散了。) (7) right
after,如:The workers went home for a rest right after completing
their task.(工人们一完成任务,就回家休息了。)(8) lose no
time,如:When the new manager was appointed, he lost no time in
reorganizing the
office.(新经理刚被任命,就开始重新调整办公室。)