对于大部分本科院校的大学生来说，语法不是太大的障碍，但是语法对于短文改错的重要性不言而喻，就想盖房子要遵循建造图纸所规定的原则、数据进行一样，造句行文也有它必然遵循的章法，所以备考短文改错，语法知识还是有必要温习一下的。  包括以下几方面：

1、主谓一致：例如人称、时态、数的一致等；

2、动词时态：过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时等等；

3、复杂句：主从复合句，带有复杂成分的简单句；

4、固定搭配：动词短语、介词短语等；

5、修饰关系：并列、形容词修饰名词、副词修饰动词或形容词等等。

二、短文改错常考知识点（技巧）

1、固定搭配：动词短语、介词短语等；

2、修饰关系：形容词修饰名词、副词修饰动词或形容词等等

3、并列关系：经常是and并列结构，其前后要一致；

4、主谓一致：人称、时态、数的一致等；

5、逻辑一致，语义一致：文章上下问所表述的含义要一致；

6、冠词使用：单数名词的前面要有修饰成分，或者为冠词，定冠词、不定冠词等；

7、成分冗余：在句子中出现毫无意义的词语或连词，其存在影响文章的正确理解。

 

以下是网络上采集的近两年的真题或模拟题，附有参考答案，请结合以上所述进行练习：

Passage 1
 One major decision which faces the American student ready to  
begin higher education is the choice of attending a large  
university or a small college. The large university provides a  
wide range of specialized departments, as well numerous            71. __________
courses within such departments. The small college, therefore,     72. __________
generally provides a limited number of courses and  
specializations but offer a better student-faculty ratio, thus     73. __________
permit individualized attention to student. Because of it6s large  74. __________
student body (often exceeding 20,000) consisting in many           75. __________
people from different countries the university exposes its  
students to many difference culture, social and out-of-class       76. __________
programmes. On the other hand, the smaller, more  
homogeneous(同性质的) student body of the big college              77. __________
affords greater opportunities in such activities. Finally, the  
university closely approximates the real world and which           78. __________
provides a relaxed, impersonal, and sometimes anonymous  
(隐姓埋名的) existence, on the contrast, the intimate              79. __________
atmosphere of the small college allows the student four years of  
structural living in which to expect and preparing for the real    80. __________
world. In making his choice among educational institutions the  
student must, there fore, consider a great many factors.  

71. (well) ' (well) as 72. therefore ' however
73. offer ' offers 74. permit ' permitting
75. in ' of 76. culture ' cultural
77. big ' small 78. and ' / 或 and ' which, this
79. contrast ' contrary 80. preparing ' prepare

 

Passage 2
 Thomas Malthus published his "Essay on the Principle  
of Population" almost 200 years ago. Ever since then,  
forecasters have being warning that worldwide famine was            S1. _____
just around the next corner. The fast-growing population's  
demand for food, they warned, would soon exceed their               S2. _____
supply, leading to widespread food shortages and starvation.  
 But in reality, the world's total grain harvest has risen  
steadily over the years. Except for relative isolated trouble       S3. _____
spots like present-day Somalia, and occasional years of  
good harvests, the world's food crisis has remained just            S4. _____
around the corner. Most experts believe this can continue  
even as if the population doubles by the mid-21st century,          S5. _____
although feeding I0 billion people will not be easy for  
politics, economic and environmental reasons. Optimists             S6. _____
point to concrete examples of continued improvements  
in yield. In Africa, by instance, improved seed, more               S7. _____
fertilizer and advanced growing practices have more than  
double corn and wheat yields in an experiment. Elsewhere,           S8. _____
rice experts in the Philippines are producing a plant with few      S9. _____
stems and more seeds. There is no guarantee that plant  
breeders can continue to develop new, higher-yielding  
crop, but most researchers see their success to date as reason      S10. _____
for hope.  

 

S1. being'been S2. their'its
S3. relative'relatively  S4. good'bad
S5. as'去掉 S6. politics'political
S7. by'for  S8. double'doubled
S9. few'more  S10. reason'the reason

Passage 3
 The Seattle Times Company is one newspaper firm that  
has recognized the need for change and done something about  
it. In the newspaper industry, papers must reflect the diversity  
of the communities to which they provide information.  
It must reflect that diversity with their news coverage or risk        S1. _________
losing their readers' interest and their advertisers' support.  
Operating within Seattle, which has 20 percents racial                 S2. _________
minorities, the paper has put into place policies and  
procedures for hiring and maintain a diverse workforce. The            S3. _________
underlying reason for the change is that for information to be  
fair, appropriate, and subjective, it should be reported by the        S4. _________
same kind of population that reads it.  
 A diversity committee composed of reporters, editors, and  
photographers meets regularly to value the Seattle Times'              S5. _________
content and to educate the rest of the newsroom staff about  
diversity issues. In an addition, the paper instituted a content       S6. _________
audit (审查) that evaluates the frequency and manner of  
representation of woman and people of color in photographs.            S7. _________
Early audits showed that minorities were pictured far too  
infrequently and were pictured with a disproportionate  
number of negative articles. The audit results from                    S8. _________
improvement in the frequency of majority representation and            S9. _________
their portrayal in neutral or positive situations. And, with a         S10. _________
result, the Seattle Times has improved as a newspaper.  
The diversity training and content audits helped the  
Seattle Times Company to win the Personal Journal  
Optimas Award for excellence in managing change.  

S1. it ' they S2. percents ' percent
S3. maintain ' maintaining S4. subjective ' objective
S5. value ' evaluate S6. an ' /
S7. woman ' women S8. from ' in
S9. majority ' minority S10. with ' as

 

Passage 4
 A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which  
are nothing new in the history of cities, except in their scale.  
Some cities have lost their original purpose and have not found  
new one. And any large or rich city is going to attract poor         S1. __________
immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes of prosperity           S2. __________
which are then often disappointing. There are backward towns  
on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just as though there were  S3. __________
on the edge of seventeenth-century London or early nine-  
teenth-century Paris. This is new is the scale. Descriptions  S4. __________
written by eighteenth-century travelers of the poor of Mexico  
City, and the enormous contrasts that was to be found there,  S5. __________
are very dissimilar to descriptions of Mexico City today-the  S6. __________
poor can still be numbered in millions.  
 The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosper-  
ity, but behind it lies two myths: the myth of the city as a   S7. __________
promised land, that attracts immigrants from rural poverty     S8. __________
and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the  S9. __________
country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations late,    S10. __________
sends them flooding out again to the suburbs. 

 
S1. new ' a new S2. filling ' filled
S3. though ' if S4. This ' What
S5. was ' were S6. dissimilar ' similar
S7. lies ' lie S8. that ' which
S9. it ' them S10. late ' later

Passage 5
 Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of  
hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern                   S1. __________
footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting  
pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football  
and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he      S2. __________
scores a goal, enjoys the hunter's triumph of killing his prey.  
 To understand how this transformation has taken place we            S3. __________
must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a     S4. __________
million year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival    S5. __________
depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure  
their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radicaily       S6. __________
changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers,  
throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group     S7. __________
attackers.  
 Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely              S8. __________
long formative period of hunting for food, they became  
farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old  
hunting life, were put to a new use-that of penning (把               S9. __________
……关在圈中), controlling and domesticating their prey. The  
food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and  
uncertainties of farming were no longer essential for survival.      S10.__________

 

S1. Viewing ' Viewed S2. inaccurate ' accurate
S3. (enjoys) ' he (enjoys) S4. up ' back
S5. year ' years S6. (even) if ' (even) /
S7. co-operate ' co-operated S8. when ' after
S9. were ' was S10.. farming ' hunting