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It的用法小结(一)

(2008-11-30 16:26:19)
标签:

杂谈

分类: 中学英语语法知识详解

语法主题讲座:It的用法小结

陕西省渭南市潼关县潼关中学 张亚聪

(电话 13992358169

高考点拨

代词及It的用法是历年高考的命题热点。高考重点考察it作为代词的各种用法及其区别,具体表现在:

1.       It的替代用法

2.       It构成的固定句型

3.       It作为先行词充当形式主语和宾语的用法

4.       It作为引导词引导的强调句型

5.       It、one、that的区别

6.       It易引起误区的几个常用句型

It考点聚焦

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

It

基本情况

基础知识结构

It作人称代词

It作为人称代词,可以代替前面(或者后面)的单数名词,或者分句所表达的某事物,或者指代身份、性别不明的人。

 

It作指示代词

It作为无人称代词时,可以用来指代天气、时间、距离、度量衡级情况等

 

It作引导词

常用作引导词,引导强调句型等固定句型

It作先行词

作形式主语和形式宾语,而真正的的主与合宾语是it后面的不定式短语、动名词短语、或者宾语从句和主语从句。

常见的句型有:

1.        It +be+adj./n.(for sb.) to do sth.

2.        It +be+adj.+of sb. To do sth.

3.        It + be+adj./n.+doing sth.

4.        It +be+adj./n.+that-clause

5.        It +be+过去分词+ that-clause

6.        It +seems/appears+ that-clause

7.        It +takes+sb.+一段时间+to do sth.

8.        It+ is /was+ one's turn(duty,pleasure)+ to do sth

9.        It +cost/costs +sb.+ some money +to do sth.

10.     It seems/looks as if…..

11.    I think it+adj.+宾语从句/不定式/动名词

It易引起的几个误区

It在不同的句型结构中的意义发生了变化,有时不能随便替换

1.        It’s (high about) time+that-clause

2.        It was/will be long (hours,days,years.etc)+before-clause

3.        It is/has been+years(days,weeks,months,etc.)+since-clause

4.        It is/was+具体的时间点+when-clause

5.        It/this/that+is/was/will be+the first (second….) time +that-clause

 

It用法大盘点

It的基本用法

一、用作人称代词,指人以外的一切生物、无生命的东西和事情。

一般指说话者心目中已经了解或所指的生物、无生命的东西或事情、没有性别的区分;可以是可数名词,也可以是不可数名词,在句子中既可作主语,也可以作宾语。

1.指动物和植物。如:

   —It looks like a cat!                

它看上去像只猫!

Where's tea grown?It's grown in the southeast of China.

    什么地方种植茶?中国东南部种植茶。

2.指代一些无生命的东西。如:

   Is it your watch?

这是你的手表吗?

   Look at the rain!It's heavy,isn't it?

看这雨!雨很大,对吗?

3、指代上文刚提到的人或者事物,以避免重复;或者代替上文提到过的整个事情。如:

Ningbo is  beautiful  city, isn’t  it?

They watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.

   Well,you mustn't play on the road.It's dangerous.

哦,你不能在公路上玩。这太危险了!

It was hard work,but they really enjoyed it.

摘苹果是艰苦活,可他们都乐意去干(它)。

What’s this/that? — It’s a chair.  这是/那是什么?是一把椅子。

4、也可以指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子):

Is this your dog?No, it isn’t.

5、也可指抽象事物:

It  was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.

--I want to stay. ---Your father won't like it.

二、用作人称代词,泛指一般情况和某人

1.指代说话者心目中不太清楚的那个人,常在打电话或敲门时用。如:

   —Who was it?        是谁(打来的电话)?

   —Was it Susan?       (打电话的)是苏珊吗?

   —Yes,it was.        是的,我是。 又如:

—Who is knocking at the door?         谁在敲门?

—It's me.                            是我。

类例:

---Who is it? ---It’s me.

Who is it there? It's I (me/you/he.....).

I thought it was Mary, but it was not she.

Her face  lighted when she saw who it was.

2.指说话者心目中的那个人。如:

   —Is it your sister,Kate?

(那旧照片上的 baby)是你姐姐凯特吧?

  —No!

不是。

   —I know—it's you!

我知道了,(那)是你。

3.指代性别不详的婴幼儿或在不计较性别时,也可用it来指人。如

The child smiled when it saw its mother.

这小孩一见到母亲就笑了。

   I don't know who it is.

我不知道他是谁。

注意:看到这样的句子(或听到这样的话)时,要想一想,不要一看到it就把它译成“它”。)

4.在回答用指示代词表示人的特殊问句时,常用it指人。如:

   —Who's that?                      那人是谁?

   —Is it Kate?                        是凯特吗?

   —Yes,I think you're right.It's Kate. 是的,我想你说对了,是凯特。

5.it用在一些词组中,it 没有特别的意思

The last train's gone. Come on, we'll foot it.(来,咱们步行吧。)

三、作为非人称代词   it有时并不指具体的东西,而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境、自然现象等,称为非人称的it。

1.指天气:

It is a lovely day, isn’t  it? 今天天气很好,是吧?

It is a bit windy.今天有点风

2.表示时间。如:

   —What time is it?                    几点钟?

   —It's ten.                           十点钟。

   It's summer in Australia now.           现在澳大利亚是夏天。

It was nearly midnight when she came back. 当他回来的时候,几乎是半夜了。

特别注意  it用于表示时间时还常见于以下两个句型中:

(1)It's time(for sb.)to do sth./It's time for sth.译为“是(某人)该干……的时间了”、“到……的时候了”。如:

I think it's time for us to start the lesson now.

我想现在是我们开始上课的时候了。

(2)It is /has been +时间段+since +一般过去时。译为“自从……以来已过了……(时间)”。此结构可以与另一种句型进行同义句转换。如:

It's three years since he came here.=It has been three years since he came here.=He has been here for three years.

他到这里已经三年了。

3、指日期:

What's the date toda? It's the eleventh,October.

4、指季节:

It is summer now.

7指度量:

It is about 20 pound/kg

5、.指价值:

--- What's the cost of the dictionary?

---It is sixty-three.

6、 It's 35 centigrade now. So I feel hot.

7、表示距离。如:

   It's half an hour's walk from my home to the school.

从我家到学校步行得花半小时时间。

   —Where's the farm,Li Lei?Is it far?

李雷,农场在哪里?远吗?

   —No,it's quite near.

不,(距)离这很近。

8、指环境: It was very quiet in  the  café.当时咖啡馆里很安静

9、表示自然现象。如:

   Sometimes it snows and the land is all white.

有时下雪,大地一片白。

   It is very quiet here at the moment.

眼下这儿很安静。

四、用作形式主语。

英语中常常见到某个句子以it开头,it与其后面的动词不定式短语、动名词短语、名词性从句等相呼应,以表达一个完整的意义。这是一种习惯表达法,这样的句式可避免句子显得头重脚轻。 It在句子中作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式,动名词或者名词性从句。

1. It+is/was+形容词+(for/of sb.)+动词不定式短语。

It is interesting to play with snow in winter.

冬季里玩雪是很有趣的。

It's important for us to keep the water clean.

保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的。

注意:这一句式中的形容词位置也可换用名词;连系动词be也可换用其它连系动词,如feel等。如:

It must be great fun to fly to the moon in a spaceship.

乘宇宙飞船飞往月球一定很有趣。

It feels strange to have a twin sister.

有个孪生姐妹感觉很奇怪。

注意:该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语。对于这个句型中究竟用 for还是用of,一般遵循这样的规则:如果形容词仅仅是描述事物的形容词则用for,主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有:① important, necessary, natural ② easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant等。 =在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写, 如: It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party;如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的,即就是,主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。 常见的有: bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good (好心的), honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice(有教养的), polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong(错误的)等。 这个句型可以改写为:sb. is kind…等 to do sth. 。如:It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so.

2.It +will be/is /was +形容词+动名词短语。如:

   It's bad playing in the street.在街上玩是没好处的。

It is dangerous playing with fire.   玩火是危险的。

It is no use learning without thinking.  学而不思则罔。

 It is wrong arguing with your parents.  和你的父母吵架是错误的。

类例:  

It is no good/ no use learning English without speaking English.

It is not any good/ not any use learning English without speaking English.

It's useless trying to argue with Shylock.

3.It+is/was+形容词+从句。如:

   It's true that he may fall behind the other students.

他真的可能落后于其他同学。

常见的句型有:

①.  It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that ..... 该句型中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句,常译为"清楚(显然,真的,肯定...)" 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。   

  It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That  he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.

②.  It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 该句型和上一个同属一个句型;由于主句中的形容词不同,that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省去,建议记住该句型中的形容词。

  It is important that we (should) learn English well.   

  It is necessary that he (should) remember these words.

③.  It is said (reported/ learned/believed/thought/known/told/hoped.....) that ... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语,真正主语是that 引导的主语从句;该结构常译为"据说(据报道,据悉...)"。   

  It is said that he has come to Beijing.   

  It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.

④.  It is suggested ( ordered /demanded/insisted/commanded... ) that ... 该句型和上一个同属一个句型,主句中的过去分词是表示请求,建议,命令等词时,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省;常译为"据建议;有命令...)  

It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off.  

It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours.

⑤.  It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ... 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,

值得注意的是① 常用过去时态表示虚拟.② 有时也用should + 动词原形,should 不能省,常译为"是(正是)...的时侯..."   

It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed.

It is time you bought a new car.

It is (high ) time you made up your mind.

⑥.  It is the first ( second ... ) time that ... 该句型要和上一个句型区别开来,该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态,。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态,该结构中 that 可以省去;it有时用 this 替换.常译为"是第一(二)...次..."。

It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here.

⑦.  It is a pity ( a shame /an honour/a good thing/a fact,/a surprise/... ) that ... 该句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should可省去.表示出乎意料,常译为"竟然"。没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。

It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾!  

It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了,真遗憾!

⑧.  It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that... 该句型中it是形式主语,that 引导的是主语从句,主句中的happen , seem等词是不及物动词。

It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧...

It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来...

注意:It seems /seemed +从句。译为“看起来好像……”,此结构可以转换成“seem +动词不定式”形式。如:

   It seems that he is ill.=He seems to be ill.看起来他好像病了。

4.It +is /was +one's turn(duty,pleasure) +to do sth.意为“该轮到某人做某事(做某事是某人的责任、愉悦的事)”。如:

   It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow.

明天轮到你值日了。

5.It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意为“(某人)花……时间做某事”。如

   It took me a week to finish reading the book.

我花了一周时间看完这本书。

6.It +cost/costs +sb.+some money +to do sth.译为“某人花多少钱做某事”。如:

   It cost me 260 yuan to buy the new watch.

我买这块新手表花了260元。

五、用作形式宾语。

当句子的真正宾语是动词不定式、动名词或从句时,为避免句子头重脚轻,须将其放在宾语补足语之后,改用先行词it占据其原来的位置。it用作形式宾语的句型为:主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+动词不定式/动名词/从句。该句型中宾语补足语可由形容词、名词等充当。

  为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为"6123结构"。 6指主句中常用的动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel; 1指的是形式宾语it;2指的是宾补的两种形式:形容词或名词; 3指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式短语,动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。如:

He found it not easy to learn a foreign language well.

他发现学好一门外语是不容易的。

We think it no good reading in bed.

我们认为躺在床上看书无益处。

I think it necessary that we have the meeting.

我认为开这个会是必要的。

It引导的强调句型

在中学英语里,我们提到强调句型时,是指it be +强调部分+ that--clause这一结构形式。在这个结构中,将被强调的部分置于句子前头,其它仍保留在原来位置上。通常强调部分在句子中间做主语、宾语、表语(表语一般为名词)或者状语等。高考常考的两大强调句型结构是下列结构形式以及它们在句子中的的变化:

①.  it be +强调部分+ that—clause  “是…”怎么怎么样

②.  It be not until+强调部分+ that-clause  常常看作是not until…的强调句形式,“直到...才…”,主要用来强调时间状语。

1、It was my English teacher who helped me with my paper. 是我的英语老师帮助我完成作业的。

2、It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star. =Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star. =I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.

3、It was ___back home after the experiment. (2004  湖北)

A. not until midnight did he go  

B. until midnight that he didn’t go

C. not until midnight that he went  

D. until midnight when he didn’t go (C)

通常强调句有这样几个特点须引起注意:

(1)、在it is/was +强调部分+ that—clause 强调句型结构中,is还是was取决于从句的时态,和从句的时态保持一致

It was here that I first met him. 我初次与他见面就在这儿

It is English that Jim teaches us every Monday.  Jim每个周一教我们学习英语。

(2)注意强调句中that 和who的选用。强调句中,如果强调的是人物,则用who/that;如果强调的是事物,则需用that.

It was not until he came back that we left his house.(在强调时间、地点、原因、方式状语时,只能用that,不能用when / where/why/how等)

(3)除了谓语以外,一般句子其它成份都可以放在强调部分。

It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father.(强调主语)

It was what he wangted to do that this was (作表语)

It was the window that he cleaned.(作宾语)

(4)、强调句子主语的时候,如果主语为人称代词,则要用主格人称代词。

It was you who were wrong.  是你们错误了。

(5)、注意强调句和it is/was +…+ that—clause主语从句的区别。主语从句中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的that从句, it后面常跟名词和形容词做表语。而强调句只是将句子主语、宾语、表语、状语等成份放在it is/was +…+ that—clause结构中,如果将强调句中的强调句型结构“it be…that..”去掉以后,句子结构仍然完整,这也是判断这个句子是否是强调句的一个技巧办法。

(It was )what he wangted to do (that ) this was =he wangted to do +this was

比较:

It is important that we (should) learn English well.

It is necessary that he (should) remember these words

It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.

=That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.

It is important (necessary, right, strange, natural…)

It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.

这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾。

(6)、强调句型结构中,如果强调句子的主语,从句的谓语动词应该和强调部分保持一致,这是历年高考命题的一个热点。

(7)、在强调句型结构中,如果强调状语,一定要注意强调部分为介词短语、副词短语或者从句。

It was with great joy ___he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. (2004 福建)

A. because   B. which   C. since   D. that (D) (强调状语)

It is tomorrow that we will hold the meeting.( tomorrow在句中做时间状语)

It was two hours that the rain lasted yeaterday. (two hours在句中做时间状语)

It was during the visit to my factoury that we knew each other well.( during the visit to my factoury在句中做地点状语)

(8)、条件、让步状语从句不能强调

If it rains tomorrow,we will stay at home.≠It is if it rains tomorrow that we will stay at home.

We are trying to finish our task though there are so many difficulties. ≠It is though there are so many difficulties that we are trying to finish our task.

(9)、强调句不可强调as 、since 引导的原因状语从句,但是可以强调because引导的从句

It was because it rained yesterday that couldn’t go hiking.  (这里because不能换为as /since)

As all of you are here , let’s have a meeting. (这里不能用强调句来替换句子)

(10)、特殊疑问句只有疑问词可以被强调,结构是“疑问词+is/was it +…+ that—clause?”。 如:

When was it that you began to learn English ?

(10)注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)

 It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

 

It的用法小结(一)

It的用法小结( 二 )

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