加载中…中国博士十之有九留美国 ZT
(2010-12-07 13:18:18)
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多数前往美国攻读理工科博士学位的外国人在毕业后都留了下来，至少在衰退开始前是如此，而不是像一些人预测的那样，911事件过后美国限制移民的政策和中国，印度机会的增加，将会使更多的人返回母国。
新公布的数据显示，2002年时持有临时签证，在美国大学获得理工科博士学位的外国人中，有62％的人2007年仍在美国。2007年是有此数据的最近年份。据美国能源部（美国能源部）橡树岭科学与教育研究所（橡树岭科学与教育学院）和美国国家科学基金会（美国国家科学基金会）联合编制的数据，1997年毕业的这类人当中，2007年仍在美国的有60％。
所有在美工作的理工科博士学位持有人中，约四成为外国人，在工程，数学和计算机领域，这一比例更高橡树岭研究所分析师芬恩（迈克尔芬兰）说。 ，我们继续吸引，留住外籍科学家与工程师的能力，对于提高科学技术投入至关重要。
芬恩说，反映所有可接触人群情况的数据说明，2007年，外籍理工科博士学位获得者的“留下率”略高于近几年。他的研究结果使用了税收数据来跟踪毕业生，反映的是美国陷入衰退，多个行业与大学就业前景受损之前的情况。
其他分析人士认为，迹象显示近期外国毕业生越来越有可能回到母国，特别是在如今美国就业市场疲弱不振的情况下。杜克大学（杜克大学）普莱特工程学院（普拉特工程学院）居留负责人Vivek Wadwha说，我确信，2009年的数据会显示出一种极大的变化。Wadwha一直在大声疾呼，提醒人们注意这种趋势给美国的创新带来的威胁。2008年10月，Wadwha等人利用赶快注册Facebook，调查了在美国各级学校学习的1224名外国人。超过一半的印度人和四成的中国人表示，他们希望在五年内回国。
国家科学基金会另一项调查显示，2001年9月11日恐怖袭击后的几年，外籍博士计划留在美国的比例出现过下降，后来又回升。2007年接受调查的临时签证持有人中，接近80％表示打算留下来，超过一半的人已经有了留下来的明确计划。
父母分别为小学教师与大学教授的张盈在1999年离开了中国，带着两个箱子和2000美元现金来到底特律的韦恩州立大学（韦恩州立大学）。后来他转到卡内基梅隆大学（卡耐基梅隆大学），并于2008年获得了计算机科学博士学位。
他说，有四五个朋友已经回到中国，自己也曾考虑过回国。但现为卡内基梅隆大学硅谷校区研究助理教授的张盈还是决定留下来。他说，我在这里度过了10年的光阴，我是花了一些时间才适应了美国生活的，现在会很难适应中国，这叫“逆向文化冲击”。
卢卡斯太阳，Senaka Buthpitiya，Aveek Pwohit，郑诉嗯和恒子程等卡内基梅隆大学博士生一起讨论学术问题。在为卡内基梅隆大学招生的过程中，他发现中国年轻人已经不像他那代人那样渴望来美国。他说，中国国内的生活越来越好，在中国也有其他一些机构可做研究，比如微软中国（微软中国），他们可以在那里获得良好的辅导与建议，不用到美国来。
据橡树岭研究所的数据，2007年获得美国理工科博士学位的外国公民有16022人，占总数的46％。相比之下，1997年有12966人是外国人，占总数的30％。
芬恩说，相比其他领域，物理类学科和计算机博士项目毕业生留在美国的可能性更大。这些博士项目在中国大陆和印度学生当中很受欢迎，而他们也比来自台湾，韩国和西欧的学生更有可能留下来。2002年的毕业生中，92 %的中国人和81％的印度人五年过后都在美国，而韩国毕业生和德国毕业生的这一比例分别只有41％和52％。
31岁的梅赫塔（Aranyak梅塔）约10年前从印度来到乔治亚理工学院（美国佐治亚技术研究所）研读算法学，并在2005年拿到了博士学位。目前他在谷歌（谷歌）做研究科学家，并且眼下打算留在美国他说，总是有得有失，家庭，文化，等等一切。获得学术背景的最重要方面之一就是你的工作，以及它是否让你兴奋？
沃德瓦使用在线网络LinkedIn找到了1203位已经回国的印度和中国技能型人才。四分之三的人说，签证问题并不是让他们回国的因素，职业发展机会，生活质量的考虑和与家人的联系，才是主要的因素。约70％的中国人和61％的印度人说，国内的职业发展机会要更好。
国家科学基金会最近表示，2009年4月，各类研究生项目的外籍理工科学生入学人数达到158430人，同比升8％。
英文原文：
Joy Ying Zhang, working Tuesday in his office at Carnegie Mellon's Silicon Valley campus, says he doesn't plan to return to China.
Most foreigners who came to the U.S. to earn doctorate degrees in science and engineering stayed on after graduation—at least until the recession began—refuting predictions that post-9/11 restrictions on immigrants or expanding opportunities in China and India would send more of them home.
Newly released data revealed that 62% of foreigners holding temporary visas who earned Ph.D.s in science and engineering at U.S. universities in 2002 were still in the U.S. in 2007, the latest year for which figures are available. Of those who graduated in 1997, 60% were still in the U.S. in 2007, according to the data compiled by the U.S. Energy Department's Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education for the National Science Foundation.
Who Stays?
View Interactive
Foreigners account for about 40% of all science and engineering Ph.D. holders working in the U.S., and a larger fraction in engineering, math and computer fields. "Our ability to continue to attract and keep foreign scientists and engineers is critical to…increase investment in science and technology," Oak Ridge analyst Michael Finn said.
"Data for all available cohorts indicate that 'stay rates' of foreign science and engineering doctorate recipients in 2007 are slightly higher than they have been in recent years," Mr. Finn said. His findings, which use tax data to track graduates over time, cover the years before the U.S. plunged into a recession that damped job prospects in many U.S. industries and universities.
Other analysts see signs that recent foreign grads are increasingly likely to return home, particularly in today's weak job market. "I have no doubt that the 2009 data will show a dramatic shift," said Vivek Wadwha, executive in residence at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering, who has been warning loudly about the threat that trend would pose to innovation in the U.S. In October 2008, Mr. Wadwha and others used Facebook to question 1,224 foreigners studying at U.S. institutions at all levels. More than half the Indians and 40% of the Chinese said they hoped to return home within five years.
Separate NSF surveys show the fraction of foreign Ph.D.s planning to stay in the U.S. dipped in the years following the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack and then rebounded. Nearly 80% of those with temporary visas surveyed in 2007 said they planned to stay; more than half had definite plans to do so.
Joy Ying Zhang, the son of a primary-school teacher and a college professor, left China's Hunan Province in 1999 for Detroit's Wayne State University, where he arrived with two suitcases and $2,000 in cash. He later transferred to Carnegie Mellon University, which awarded him a Ph.D. in computer science in 2008.
Ph.D students, left to right, Lucas Sun, Senaka Buthpitiya, Aveek Pwohit, Zheng Sun and Heng-Tze Cheng discuss research at Carnegie Mellon University in Silicon Valley.
Four or five of his friends have returned to China, he said, and he has discussed doing so. But Mr. Zhang, now a research assistant professor at Carnegie Mellon's Silicon Valley campus, has decided stay. "I have spent 10 years here already," he said. "It took me some time to get used to American life. Now, it'd be hard to get used to China. It's called 'reverse culture shock.' " Mr. Zhang, 35 years old, has a brother who works for a pharmaceutical company in the U.S. and a sister who is a physician in China and close to their parents.
In recruiting for Carnegie Mellon, he finds young Chinese less eager to come to the U.S. than those of his generation. "Life in China is getting better. There are research alternatives in China—like Microsoft China," he said. "They can get good mentoring and advice there, instead of coming to the U.S."
In 2007, foreign citizens accounted for 16,022 of the Ph.D.s awarded in science and engineering in the U.S., or 46% of the total, according to the Oak Ridge data. In contrast, the class of 1997 had 12,966 foreigners, or 30% of the total.
Graduates of Ph.D. programs in the physical sciences and computer science are more likely to remain in the U.S. than those in other fields, Mr. Finn said. Those programs are popular with Chinese and Indian students, who are more likely to remain in the U.S. after completing studies than those from Taiwan, South Korea and Western Europe. Among 2002 graduates, 92% of the Chinese and 81% of the Indians were in the U.S. after five years; in contrast, 41% of South Koreans and 52% of Germans were.
Aranyak Mehta, 31, came from India nearly a decade ago to study the science of algorithms at Georgia Institute of Technology and earned a Ph.D. in 2005. Today, he is a research scientist at Google—and planning, for now, to remain in the U.S. "There's always a trade-off—family, culture, and all that," he said. "One of the most important things with an academic background is the work that you do, and is it exciting? I'm not saying there is no exciting work in India. Many people have gone back and started companies."
Using the LinkedIn online network, Mr. Wadhwa identified 1,203 skilled Indians and Chinese who had returned home. Three-quarters said visa issues weren't a factor. Rather, career opportunities, quality-of-life concerns and family ties were major factors. Some 70% of the Chinese and 61% of the Indians said opportunities for professional advancement were better at home.
The NSF recently said the number of foreign science and engineering students enrolled in graduate programs of all types hit 158,430 in April 2009, up 8% from the year before.
新公布的数据显示，2002年时持有临时签证，在美国大学获得理工科博士学位的外国人中，有62％的人2007年仍在美国。2007年是有此数据的最近年份。据美国能源部（美国能源部）橡树岭科学与教育研究所（橡树岭科学与教育学院）和美国国家科学基金会（美国国家科学基金会）联合编制的数据，1997年毕业的这类人当中，2007年仍在美国的有60％。
所有在美工作的理工科博士学位持有人中，约四成为外国人，在工程，数学和计算机领域，这一比例更高橡树岭研究所分析师芬恩（迈克尔芬兰）说。 ，我们继续吸引，留住外籍科学家与工程师的能力，对于提高科学技术投入至关重要。
芬恩说，反映所有可接触人群情况的数据说明，2007年，外籍理工科博士学位获得者的“留下率”略高于近几年。他的研究结果使用了税收数据来跟踪毕业生，反映的是美国陷入衰退，多个行业与大学就业前景受损之前的情况。
其他分析人士认为，迹象显示近期外国毕业生越来越有可能回到母国，特别是在如今美国就业市场疲弱不振的情况下。杜克大学（杜克大学）普莱特工程学院（普拉特工程学院）居留负责人Vivek Wadwha说，我确信，2009年的数据会显示出一种极大的变化。Wadwha一直在大声疾呼，提醒人们注意这种趋势给美国的创新带来的威胁。2008年10月，Wadwha等人利用赶快注册Facebook，调查了在美国各级学校学习的1224名外国人。超过一半的印度人和四成的中国人表示，他们希望在五年内回国。
国家科学基金会另一项调查显示，2001年9月11日恐怖袭击后的几年，外籍博士计划留在美国的比例出现过下降，后来又回升。2007年接受调查的临时签证持有人中，接近80％表示打算留下来，超过一半的人已经有了留下来的明确计划。
父母分别为小学教师与大学教授的张盈在1999年离开了中国，带着两个箱子和2000美元现金来到底特律的韦恩州立大学（韦恩州立大学）。后来他转到卡内基梅隆大学（卡耐基梅隆大学），并于2008年获得了计算机科学博士学位。
他说，有四五个朋友已经回到中国，自己也曾考虑过回国。但现为卡内基梅隆大学硅谷校区研究助理教授的张盈还是决定留下来。他说，我在这里度过了10年的光阴，我是花了一些时间才适应了美国生活的，现在会很难适应中国，这叫“逆向文化冲击”。
卢卡斯太阳，Senaka Buthpitiya，Aveek Pwohit，郑诉嗯和恒子程等卡内基梅隆大学博士生一起讨论学术问题。在为卡内基梅隆大学招生的过程中，他发现中国年轻人已经不像他那代人那样渴望来美国。他说，中国国内的生活越来越好，在中国也有其他一些机构可做研究，比如微软中国（微软中国），他们可以在那里获得良好的辅导与建议，不用到美国来。
据橡树岭研究所的数据，2007年获得美国理工科博士学位的外国公民有16022人，占总数的46％。相比之下，1997年有12966人是外国人，占总数的30％。
芬恩说，相比其他领域，物理类学科和计算机博士项目毕业生留在美国的可能性更大。这些博士项目在中国大陆和印度学生当中很受欢迎，而他们也比来自台湾，韩国和西欧的学生更有可能留下来。2002年的毕业生中，92 %的中国人和81％的印度人五年过后都在美国，而韩国毕业生和德国毕业生的这一比例分别只有41％和52％。
31岁的梅赫塔（Aranyak梅塔）约10年前从印度来到乔治亚理工学院（美国佐治亚技术研究所）研读算法学，并在2005年拿到了博士学位。目前他在谷歌（谷歌）做研究科学家，并且眼下打算留在美国他说，总是有得有失，家庭，文化，等等一切。获得学术背景的最重要方面之一就是你的工作，以及它是否让你兴奋？
沃德瓦使用在线网络LinkedIn找到了1203位已经回国的印度和中国技能型人才。四分之三的人说，签证问题并不是让他们回国的因素，职业发展机会，生活质量的考虑和与家人的联系，才是主要的因素。约70％的中国人和61％的印度人说，国内的职业发展机会要更好。
国家科学基金会最近表示，2009年4月，各类研究生项目的外籍理工科学生入学人数达到158430人，同比升8％。
英文原文：
Joy Ying Zhang, working Tuesday in his office at Carnegie Mellon's Silicon Valley campus, says he doesn't plan to return to China.
Most foreigners who came to the U.S. to earn doctorate degrees in science and engineering stayed on after graduation—at least until the recession began—refuting predictions that post-9/11 restrictions on immigrants or expanding opportunities in China and India would send more of them home.
Newly released data revealed that 62% of foreigners holding temporary visas who earned Ph.D.s in science and engineering at U.S. universities in 2002 were still in the U.S. in 2007, the latest year for which figures are available. Of those who graduated in 1997, 60% were still in the U.S. in 2007, according to the data compiled by the U.S. Energy Department's Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education for the National Science Foundation.
Who Stays?
View Interactive
Foreigners account for about 40% of all science and engineering Ph.D. holders working in the U.S., and a larger fraction in engineering, math and computer fields. "Our ability to continue to attract and keep foreign scientists and engineers is critical to…increase investment in science and technology," Oak Ridge analyst Michael Finn said.
"Data for all available cohorts indicate that 'stay rates' of foreign science and engineering doctorate recipients in 2007 are slightly higher than they have been in recent years," Mr. Finn said. His findings, which use tax data to track graduates over time, cover the years before the U.S. plunged into a recession that damped job prospects in many U.S. industries and universities.
Other analysts see signs that recent foreign grads are increasingly likely to return home, particularly in today's weak job market. "I have no doubt that the 2009 data will show a dramatic shift," said Vivek Wadwha, executive in residence at Duke University's Pratt School of Engineering, who has been warning loudly about the threat that trend would pose to innovation in the U.S. In October 2008, Mr. Wadwha and others used Facebook to question 1,224 foreigners studying at U.S. institutions at all levels. More than half the Indians and 40% of the Chinese said they hoped to return home within five years.
Separate NSF surveys show the fraction of foreign Ph.D.s planning to stay in the U.S. dipped in the years following the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack and then rebounded. Nearly 80% of those with temporary visas surveyed in 2007 said they planned to stay; more than half had definite plans to do so.
Joy Ying Zhang, the son of a primary-school teacher and a college professor, left China's Hunan Province in 1999 for Detroit's Wayne State University, where he arrived with two suitcases and $2,000 in cash. He later transferred to Carnegie Mellon University, which awarded him a Ph.D. in computer science in 2008.
Ph.D students, left to right, Lucas Sun, Senaka Buthpitiya, Aveek Pwohit, Zheng Sun and Heng-Tze Cheng discuss research at Carnegie Mellon University in Silicon Valley.
Four or five of his friends have returned to China, he said, and he has discussed doing so. But Mr. Zhang, now a research assistant professor at Carnegie Mellon's Silicon Valley campus, has decided stay. "I have spent 10 years here already," he said. "It took me some time to get used to American life. Now, it'd be hard to get used to China. It's called 'reverse culture shock.' " Mr. Zhang, 35 years old, has a brother who works for a pharmaceutical company in the U.S. and a sister who is a physician in China and close to their parents.
In recruiting for Carnegie Mellon, he finds young Chinese less eager to come to the U.S. than those of his generation. "Life in China is getting better. There are research alternatives in China—like Microsoft China," he said. "They can get good mentoring and advice there, instead of coming to the U.S."
In 2007, foreign citizens accounted for 16,022 of the Ph.D.s awarded in science and engineering in the U.S., or 46% of the total, according to the Oak Ridge data. In contrast, the class of 1997 had 12,966 foreigners, or 30% of the total.
Graduates of Ph.D. programs in the physical sciences and computer science are more likely to remain in the U.S. than those in other fields, Mr. Finn said. Those programs are popular with Chinese and Indian students, who are more likely to remain in the U.S. after completing studies than those from Taiwan, South Korea and Western Europe. Among 2002 graduates, 92% of the Chinese and 81% of the Indians were in the U.S. after five years; in contrast, 41% of South Koreans and 52% of Germans were.
Aranyak Mehta, 31, came from India nearly a decade ago to study the science of algorithms at Georgia Institute of Technology and earned a Ph.D. in 2005. Today, he is a research scientist at Google—and planning, for now, to remain in the U.S. "There's always a trade-off—family, culture, and all that," he said. "One of the most important things with an academic background is the work that you do, and is it exciting? I'm not saying there is no exciting work in India. Many people have gone back and started companies."
Using the LinkedIn online network, Mr. Wadhwa identified 1,203 skilled Indians and Chinese who had returned home. Three-quarters said visa issues weren't a factor. Rather, career opportunities, quality-of-life concerns and family ties were major factors. Some 70% of the Chinese and 61% of the Indians said opportunities for professional advancement were better at home.
The NSF recently said the number of foreign science and engineering students enrolled in graduate programs of all types hit 158,430 in April 2009, up 8% from the year before.
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