英文论文的结论部分写作要点

结论、致谢、参考文献

8.1 如何写结论

学术文章的结论部分(Conclusion)是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。结论必须具有严密的科学性和客观性，它反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。如果文章中的Discussion一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、综合、归纳、推理和总结，那么Conclusion则可以比较简短。

从某种意义上说，Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应，因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什么，建议如何解决等。

8.1.1 结论部分的内容与结构布局

一般来说，结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。

(1) 概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。(2) 比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。(3) 与他人的相关研究进行比较。(4) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。

(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。在上面五项内容中，第一、二项是必不可少的。第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。

例1 Conclusion 1Two factors to influence mold filling (铸件充型) have been studied. one is the pouring temperature (浇铸温度) and the other is the molding method (by machine or by hand). 2The filling length (充型长度) is proportional to the pouring temperature. 3The influence of different molding methods on mold filling is more complicated. 4The filling length in the hand-made mold is 1.5 times as long as the one in the machine-made mold due to different thermal conductivity ( 热导性能). 5Venting (出气孔) has little influence. 6The simulated results are in good agreement with the experiments.

分析：第1句概括研究内容：研究影响铸件充型的两个因素，即浇铸温度与铸型方法。第2～5句总结通过研究而得出的结论，即上述两个因素是如何影响铸件充型的。其中第2句说明第一个因素(浇铸温度)与充型长度的关系是成比例的。第3句说明第二个因素(铸型方法)的影响比较复杂。第4句说明手工铸型与机器铸型方法对长度的不同影响。第5句说明出气孔的影响小。第6句是对研究结果的总结性评价。

例2? Conclusions? 1Through the example of a 60-storey building design, it has been demonstrated that a simplified approach can be used to assess the ultimate lateral shear strength (整体极限抗剪能力) of a structure. 2The proposed simplified design approach in the typical building seismic design process (抗震设计过程) would be valuable. 3From the findings of the simplified design, new building can be fine tuned for a better allocation of material. 4 In existing buildings, the approach can be used to identify locations of potential undercapacity (载荷能力弱的部分). 5Although the proposed approach is based on solid capacity design concepts, it involves substantial implifications. 6To confirm the results of this simplified approach, a more complete analysis of the core-frame system is suggested for further studies.

分析：例2选自一篇建筑物整体极限抗剪能力的测算方法的论文。首先概括了文章的内容，而且指出了本研究的局限性，并为下一步研究工作提出了建议。选段中的第1句概括研究课题内容，即提出了一个整体极限抗剪能力测算的简便方法。第2～4句肯定了这一设计方法的价值和应用前景。分别说明此方法有利于建筑物的抗震设计、建筑材料的合理分配，也有利于查出建筑物内荷载能力弱的部分。第5句是这一方法的局限性：尽管此方法以负载能力理论为依据，但做了大量的简化工作。因此第6句建议下一步研究方向，以证明文中所提出的方法的可靠性。

例31Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohio's oak-hickory (橡树与山核桃科树木) forests. 2Clearly, sporadic insect outbreaks, pathogens (病菌), and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands (树林). 3Some stands exhibited mortality as high as 40%. 4However, an average of 20% dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline. 5Likewise, certain species were in an obvious state of decline, but these generally had a clear pathogenic explanation. 6Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon (Castello et al. 1995). 7Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.

分析：例3摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。第1句：对研究内容的总体概括。第2～5句：总结研究结果，即某些树种死亡的原因是害虫、病菌和气候。其中第2句概括这些原因，第3～5句是具体结果及原因：有些林区的树木死亡率为40％，但是20％属于正常现象；有些树种死亡现象明显，原因是病菌的侵害。第6句：引用他人的研究结果和观点，以解释上述结果。害虫和病菌的侵袭所造成的树木死亡是一种自然和必然的现象。第7句：指出以后的研究方向。下面一则结论摘自一篇关于学校科技活动项目是否有助于达到科学教育目标的研究论文。

例41Science projects appear to be an important part of science education. 2Teachers feel that student science projects are meeting the educational goals for science. 3Experience through modeling the necessary skills in the classroom has the strongest relationship to science projects meeting these goals. 4Participation in a science fair beyond the local level, and supportive help from parents and other adults may also improve the effectiveness of student science projects. 5By utilizing these methods, more teachers may be able to address the goals of the National Science Teachers Association.

分析：第1—2句为总体结论：学校的科技活动是科技教育中的一个重要组成部分。教师认为，学生的科技活动有助于实现科技教育目标。第3～4句为两条具体结论：第一条结论是：课堂上的模拟操作活动经验与实现科技教育的目标有密切关系。第二条结论是：参加科技博览会、父母或其他成人的支持可以提高学生科技活动的效果。第5句展望未来趋势。从上述例子可以看出，通过一项研究工作，可能会得出几条结论，这些结论的主次轻重可以从字里行间表现出来。如例4中的第3句话通过使用…has the strongest relationship…点出了最主要的结论，而在第4句话中运用…also…这个词，来表示递进关系，说明这句话陈述的内容是研究结论之二。有时为了清楚醒目，可以将结论列成几条，例5和例6都是如此。

例5Conclusions(1) A systematic crashworthiness ( 碰撞性能) development of a lightweight electrical vehicle with aluminum front structure and composite (复合材料) passenger compartment is successfully completed and discussed here. Nonlinear finite element analysis (非线性有限元分析法) is used extensively to design and optimize the aluminum structure. (2) Implementation of damage mechanics models in the nonlinear crash codes reliably predict the post-yield behavior of aluminum components, and therefore, the codes can be successfully used for crashworthiness development of metallic structures with limited ductility (韧性有限的金属结构).(3) Even though crash analysis of composite members is not possible at this time, current modeling technology provides sufficient information about their design.(4) Development of material models in crash analysis codes to simulate the crash behavior of composite components can help to develop composite front-end structures for crashworthiness performance.

例6 Conclusions In this paper, a new prototype model of micropump(微小医用泵) using ICPF actuator (驱动控制器) is proposed. The structure, characteristic measurement, and flow evaluation of the micropump have been discussed. The discussion illustrates:(1) The structure of the micropump is effective.(2) The proposed micropump is able to make a microflow (微小流量) and is suitable for medical and applications in biotechnology (适用医学和生物技术) 。

例6摘自一篇关于应用高分子离子传导膜ICPF(Ionic Conducting Polymer Film)，开发研制一种新型微小医用泵的研究论文。Conclusions中首先总结了文章的内容，然后将主要结论分成两条列出。

10.1.2 结论部分的语言运用技巧

结论部分的语言除要严谨、连贯、精炼、确切以外，还要具有高度的概括性。结论部分与其他各部分不同的是，现在时态(特别是一般现在时和现在完成时) 使用频率很高，这是因为结论部分总结研究者到前为止做了些什么工作，得出了什么结果，这些结果对现在来说有什么影响、意义和价值，能够应用于什么地方，解决什么问题等。例1至例3中的第1句话大多是现在完成时态。

例7a．Two factors to influence mold filling (铸件充型) have been studied…b. Through the example of a 60-storey building design, it has been demonstrated that a simplified approach can be used…c. Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels…结论中的句子既可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，总体上说，两种语态的使用频率差别无几。但有时结论部分侧重于研究内容、对象或结果，所以，往往将研究内容置于句首作主语，于是，谓语动词自然要使用被动语态。

例8 Conclusions In this paper the basic acoustic properties of long spaces have been demonstrated and a series of guidelines for practical design has been given. In the theoretical investigation, the usefulness of existing formulae for calculating the sound attenuation along the length has been examined; formulae for calculating the reverberation time in rectangular long spaces have been derived; and a theoretical model considering multiple sources has been developed. Computations using these formulae show that the reverberation time varies systematically along the length, and at a receiver the reverberation time can be significantly increased by adding sources beyond a single source.A comprehensive model has been developed for predicting acoustic indices in longspaces. Also, a model for predicting the temporal and spatial distribution of train noise in underground stations has been produced. The models have been validated in actual underground stations.

上面这个例子中，除了一句话以外，其余的句子全用被动语态。每个句子的主语都是研究内容关键所在。

用主动语态时，常常用this paper, this investigation, this study, this survey, the results, the analysis 或we, I 等作主语。

例9a. This study clearly demonstrates that…b. This investigation discovers that…c. This study reveals that…d. We have described…e. We have shown…f. In this paper we have proposed/discussed…g. These results represent…

例9中的a，b，c，g四个句子中，分别用了demonstrate，discover，reveal，represent作谓语，表示作者对研究结果所持的态度明确、肯定。值得指出的是，作者有时对自己研究结果采取慎重的态度，不那么肯定地说“结果说明了……”、“证明了……”等，往往对动词加以修饰。表示作者不太肯定或慎重的态度，或者用以缓和语气。技巧如下。技巧1：用情态动词最常用情态动词有will，can, may，及其过去式would，could， might等，表示“可能”之意。这三个情态动词语气依次减弱。同一情态动词的过去式比现在式语气弱。例3、例4和例5中不乏这类句子。下面的例句都摘自其中。

例10a. Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.b. Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon.c. Participation in a science fair beyond the local level, and supportive help from parents and other adults may also improve the effectiveness of student science projects.d. By utilizing these methods, more teachers may be able to address the goals of the National Science Teachers Association.e. Development of material models in crash analysis codes to simulate the crash behavior of composite components can help to develop composite front-end structures for crashworthiness performance.

技巧2：用某些形容词和副词不同的形容词和副词表达作者不同的态度和语气。如certainly， of course，absolutely，definitely，clearly等词用来加强语气，表示作者态度肯定；almost certain，probably，highly likely次之。而 likely，unlikely，possible，possibly，perhaps等词表示作者没有把握，语气比较弱。

例11a. Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes are likely to provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.b. Perhaps changes occurring due to insects and pathogens are a natural and necessary phenomenon.c. Participation in a science fair beyond the local level, and supportive help from parents and other adults will probably improve the effectiveness of student science projects.

技巧3：用seem，appear，tend等动词这三个动词用在另一动词之前，构成seem to+do／be／have， appear to do／be／have，tend to do／be／have的结构，表示陈述的现象、内容或观点还有进一步探讨的余地。我们还以例3和例4中的句子为例：例12a. However, an average of 20 % dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline.b. Science projects appear to be an important part of science education.下面的句子语气依次减弱：

例13a. Science projects are an important part of science education.b. Science projects tend to be an important part of science education.c. Science projects appear to be an important part of science education.d. Science projects seem to be an important part of science education.e. It would appear that science projects are an important part of science education.

技巧4：选用不同的动词在分析、综合、归纳、推理过程中，常常会使用show，prove, illustrate，reveal，suggest，indicate，support，clarify，verify等动词。这些动词含义不同，所表示的语气或态度也不同。在使用同义词或近义词时，要注意区分它们的含义。例如，表达形成某现象的原因时，相近的动词有cause，lead to，contribute to，be the reason of，be the root of等。选用不同动词都会对整个句子的意思产生影响。

试比较以下句子：

例14a．C1early，sporadic insect outbreaks，pathogens (病菌)，and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands．(表示直接原因，负全部责任)b．C1early，sporadic insect outbreaks，pathogens(病菌)，and climatic events have lead to excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands．

(有一个变化过程，表示间接原因)a．C1early，sporadic insect outbreaks，pathogens(病菌)，and climatic events have contributed to excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands.(表示部分原因，一定还有别的原因)

结论中常用的句型框架还有：例15a. Further investigations are under way to…b. Further refinement of the models is needed to…c. Experiments have been designed to…d. Analytical models have been developed using…e. It is found that…f. It is further concluded that…g.　In　this paper,　… are　　reviewed/investigated/observed/studied.h. The presented study is conducted by using…10.2 如何写致谢

为了向论文的写作过程提供过帮助的组织和个人表示感谢，作者在结论之后，可写一段致谢(Acknowledgements)。致谢的对象根据情况而定，如资助单位或个人，指导教师以及其他为论文作者提出过建议或思想的人员等。致谢的对象要按一定的顺序，一般来说，项目资助单位或个人在前，其他人员在后。

例16Acknowledgements Support for this program is provided by the Ohio State University Extension and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Additional support has been provided by the US Department of Agriculture.

例17ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant MSS8912521 and by the Gray Research and Development Office.

例18I wish to thank Professors Sheldon Grebstein and John Hagopian for their valuable suggestions. I also thank Professor Sylvia Bowman for her comments on the manuscript. In addition, I owe an obligation to my friend Francis Hanks for his constant assistance in the course of the research.

这里我们介绍一些致谢中的常用英语句型。

(1)感谢赞助单位或个人

a. Support for this program/project/study is provided by…b. Funding for this program is provided by…

c. I thank…for giving financial Support for this study.d. Additional support is provided by…

e. Research for this paper was partially supported by…f. This research was funded by…

(2)感谢提供资料的单位或个人

a. Data were supplied/provided by…b. Permission to quote from material protected by copyright has been granted by…c. I thank…for the permission to quote from material protected by copyright.

(3)感谢提出建议和帮助的个人

a. I thank…for comments on the manuscript.b. In addition, I am grateful to…for their valuable suggestions, and to…for her patience and good counsel.c. For help in the technical assistance, I thank…d. We thank the following people for their helpful comments on drafts of this paper: …e. In addition, I wish to thank…for his valuable suggestions.f. For their encouragement, support, and research assistance, I would like to thank the following individuals who have contributed substantially to the completion of this study/paper/work.

（4）感谢不知名的审稿人

a. The anonymous reviewers have also contributed considerably to the publication of this paper.

b. In addition, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers who have helped to improve the paper.

（5）感谢其他人

a. I also owe an obligation to…b. Also I wish to thank…for their many courtesies.c. Thanks is also extended to…who…d. I wish to thank… for his…

10.3 如何写参考文献

参考文献包括正式出版的书籍、期刊杂志或学术会议文章以及学位论文。写作时所参考过的文献都要标注来源，并在论文的最后参考文献(References)一部分列出详细内容。参考文献也可叫引用文献(Literature Cited或Works Cited)。目前常用的参考文献标注方法有两种。一种是按参考文献出现的顺序用数字编排；另一种是作者+出版年编排法。下面分别加以介绍。

10.3.1顺序编码体系

这种标注体系按文献出现的先后顺序编号，置于指引部分的右上角(可加方括号)。被引用的作者、文献名、出版时间、地点等详细内容列人论文后面的参考文献中。其顺序要与正文中标注的顺序一致。

例19 Forecasts of the tracks of hurricanes have improved steadily over the past three decades1, owing to a combination of better observations and much improved numerical models. …In contrast to the improvements in track forecasts, there has been comparatively little advance in predictions of intensity1, in spite of the sophisticated numerical models. The best intensity forecasts today are statistically based2. Most of the research literature on hurricane intensity focuses on the pre-storm sea surface temperature and certain properties of the atmospheric environment3...

注：两处出现编码“1”’，表示这两处指引部分出处相同，详细内容都列在References中的第1项。

References? 1. Landsea, C. W. & Pielke, R. A. Jr. "Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925-95". Weather Forecast. 13,621-631(1994).2. Bosart, L. F. et al. "Environmental Influences on the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Opal over the Gulf of Mexico". Preprints of the 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology 983-984 (American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1999).3.DeMafia, M.&Kaplan, J. "A Statistical Hurricane IntensityPrediction Scheme for Atlantic Basin". Weather Forecast. 9, 209-220(1994).

各类文献顺序编码体系基本格式如下。

(1)书籍 基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名．书名(斜体)．出版地：出版单位，出版年代．

例20Breyer S. Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.

(2)期刊或会议文章

期刊或会议文章与书籍的标注方法有同有异。作者或编者的注法、出版年代等与书籍注法相同。不同的是，期刊文章既要注上文章名，又要注上刊物名，还有刊物的第几期、第几卷、文章登在第几页等。会议文章要注上会议名称。基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名．标题名(正体，引号)．刊物名称/会议名称(斜体)，出版年代，卷(期)：起至页码．

例21 a. Tytler, R. "Independent Research Projects in School Science". International Journal of Science Education, 1992, 14: 393-411.b. Onof, P. And Adenle, J. B. "Practical Teaching of Electronics Systems Design". Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering Education, Naples, 1998, 397-402.c. Bassac, C. "Experimental Uses of Electric Vehicles in France". The 9th International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Toronto, 1998.

(3)收集在书中的文章 收集在书中的文章要结合书籍与期刊文章的标注方法，基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名．标题名(正体，引号)，In编者姓名(ed．)书名(斜体)．出版地：出版单位，出版年代，起至页码．

例22Canale, M. "From Communicative Competence to Communicative Performance". In Richards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.) Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 1983, 274-301.

(4)报告 基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名．标题名(正体，引号)，报告序号．组织名，所在地，年代．

例23 Jones,D. and Evans.D. "Survey of Small Engineering Enterprises in Wales," Report R72. Welsh Council for Engineering, Cardiff, 1997.

(5)学位论文基本格式如下：作者姓，作者名．标题名(正体，引号)，学位论文，学位授予单位，年代．

例24Yoder, C. O. "The role of Biological Indicators in a Water Quality Management Process", Ph. D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1998.

各类参考文献除了以上基本格式外，还要遵守以下原则。

(1)如果同一本书有两个作者，则将两个作者用and (＆)连接；如果有三个以上作者，则在第一作者后加et al．字样，表示“等人”。(2)如不是第一版，要注明版本。(3)如果参考的是译著，则把译者放在前面，译者后面注上(trans．), 接着注上原作者。(4)如果一本书是由主编收集的文章，则在主编后注上(ed.)，为editor的缩写；如果有两个以上编者则注上(eds.)。(5)参考的章节或页码，则注在出版单位之后。

现分别举例如下：例25a. Foster, K. R. and Bemstein, D. E. Phantom Risk: Scientific Inference and the Law. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.（两个作者）b. Berry, W. et al. The Hidden Word. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1989. (三个以上作者)c. Lorenz, Konrad. (trans.) On Aggression. By Marjorie KerrWilson. 1966. New York: Bantam, 1969. (译著)d. Akmajian, A. et al. Linguistics, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. (第四版)

e. Ball, S. J. and Goodson, I. F. (eds. ) Teachers' Lives and Careers. Lewes: Falmer Press, 1985. (两个编者)

f. Johnson, J. A. Writing Strategies for ESL Students. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1983. Chapter 5. (参考此书中第五章)

以上各条原则同样也适用于作者十出版年体系。

8.3.2作者+出版年体系这种标注体系在每一处指引部分的后面标上作者和年代，放在圆括号内。而详细内容按照作者姓的字母顺序列在文章后面的References中。

例26Science projects are supported by the Academy of Science. The academy recommends science projects for all students "regardless of any academic standing or handicap" (Mann 1990:10). Many students participating in science fairs do so because they are required by a teacher to complete a science fair project and many report that their science fair project counted toward their course grade in science (Czerniak and Lumpe 1996). Completing a science project and attending a science fair were purported to have many positive effects for students and their future in science (Mann 1990), however, there exists little research on science fair projects (Slisz 1989) …

ReferencesCzemiak, C. M. 1996. "Predictors of Achievement of 7-12 Grade Students in a District Science Fair Competition". School Science and Mathematics, 96: 21-27.Mann, J. Z. 1990. "Science Day Guide". Ohio Academy of Science, Columbus, OH.Slisz,J. 1989. "Establishing the Goals of a Science Fair Based on Sound Research Studies". International Journal of Science Education. 14: 393-411.

按作者十出版年体系编排参考文献，一般要遵循以下原则。

(1)文献编排顺序按照作者姓的字母顺序。(2)如果参考文献中有中文撰写的文章或书籍，有两种方法处理。一是用汉语拼音写作者名，并将其他内容译成英语，按字母顺序与其他文献统一排列。第二种方法是将中英文文献分别按字母顺序排列。其他原则与顺序编码体系完全相同(见8.3.1节)。书籍、期刊论文、会议论文等文献的标注格式分别举例如下(按作者姓的字母顺序编排)：

例27Akmajian, A. et al. 1995. Linguistics, 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (书)

Ball, S, J. and Goodson, I. F. (eds.) 1985. Teachers' Lives andCareers. Lewes: Falmer Press. (书)

Bassac, C. 1998. "Experimental Uses of Electric Vehicles in France". The 9th International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Toronto. (会议论文)Berry, W. et al. 1989. The Hidden Word. San Francisco: North Point Press. (书)

Breyer S. 1995. Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (书)Canale, M. 1983. "From Communicative Competence to Communicative Performance". In Richards, J. and Schmidt, R. (eds.) Language and Communication. New York: Longman, 274-301. (收集在书中的文章)Foster,K.R. and Bemstein,D.E. 1993. Phantom Risk: Scientific Inference and the Law. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.(书)Johnson, J.A. 1983. Writing Strategies for ESL Students. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Chapter 5. (书中的章节)Lorenz, Konrad. (trans.) On Aggression. By Mariorie Kerr Wilson. 1966. New York: Bantam, 1969. (译著)Onof, P. And Adenle, J. B. 1998. "Practical Teaching of Electronics Systems Design". Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Engineering Education, Naples, 397-402. (收集在会议论文集中的文章)Tytler, R. 1992. "Independent Research Projects in School Science". International Journal of Science Education, 1992, 14:393-411. (期刊上发表的文章)Yoder, C. O. 1998. "The role of Biological Indicators in a Water Quality Management Process", Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois. (学位论文)不同的学术刊物或学术会议对参考文献的格式或体系有明确规定，例如，有的规定出版年应紧跟在作者后，而有的则规定将出版年放在出版单位之后，有的规定出版年代要用括号，有的则规定不使用任何标点。作者必须按照规定加以标注。如果没有明确规定，作者自己要做到统一、固定、前后一致。

思考题 一、下面一则结论摘自函授培训班学习效果研究的论文。分析其内容与结构，指出每一句话的作用。1The overall results indicate that Quality Water for Home and Farm correspondence program met the objective set for the program and was an effective method to deliver water quality and management training. 2pretest and post results show participants increased their understanding of water and management principles in most major areas. 3However, additional training may be needed in disinfection alternatives, iron and hydrogen sulfide removal, and proper well construction.

分析：第1句：第2句：第3句：

二、下面一则结论摘自一篇关于飓风强度预测的论文，将括号中的动词变成合适的形式。

Conclusions

The simulations presented here ( 1 )_____________(suggest) that, once tropical cyclones (热带旋风) (2)____________ (reach) tropical-storm strength, their intensity evolution (3)______________ (control) mostly by their initial intensity together with the thermodynamic profile (热力曲线) of the atmosphere and upper ocean through which they move. Storm intensity is particularly sensitive to the thermodynamic structure of the upper ocean, and it (4)_____________ (be) evident that in at least some cases the climatological specification (气象特性曲线) of the ocean thermal structure (5)____________ (be) insufficient. Accurate prediction of hurricane intensity in these eases probably (6)____________ (require) accurate measurement of the upper-ocean thermal structure ahead of the storm. The simulations presented here (7)_________ (offer) hope that even with a very simple model, hurricane intensity (8)__________ (predict) with useful skill as far in advance as an accurate track prediction (9)_____________(make). Such track predictions (10) _____________ (require) three-dimensional models able to account for the full range of interactions between the storm and its environment.

三、将下列两组句子片断连接成一则研究论文的结论。注意时态与语态的正确运用。

A组：1. Develop a PIV (particle image velocimetry 粒子图象速度场仪) system in this study.

2. Using the system, observe the diesel spray field and obtain information about particle velocity distribution characteristics.

3. This system is simple.

4, Great potential applications in testing the transient diesel spray field.

B组: 1. The model of vehicle-occupant multi-body system (汽车乘员多体系统模型) and SVC3D (3-dimensional simulation of vehicle crash: 汽车碰撞三维仿真) show to be correct in this study.

2. Find that occupant with low elongation webbing (伸展率小的约束系统) and pretensioner (顶紧器) protected.

3. Therefore, suggest occupant belt with low elongation webbing, occupant restraint system equip with pretensioner to improve the restrain effect and reduce occupant injury during impact.

参考答案

一、下面一则结论摘自函授培训班学习效果研究的论文。分析其内容与结构，指出每一句话的作用。

分析：第1句：总体概括研究结果，即函授培训班达到了预期目的。

第2句：对培训前与培训后测试结果的总结，函授学员取得的成绩。

第3句：指出通过研究所发现的新问题。

二、下面一则结论摘自一篇关于飓风强度预测的论文，将括号中的动词变成合适的形式。

(1) suggest (2)reach (3) is controlled (4) is(5) is (6) require (7) offer (8) can be predicted(9) can be made (10) require

三、将下列两组句子片断连接成一则研究论文的结论。注意文中动词形式的正确运用。

A组：APIV system is developed in this study. Using this system we observed the diesel spray field and obtained information about particle velocity distribution characteristics. This system is simple and has great potential applications in testing the transient diesel spray field.

B组: This study shows that the model of vehicle-occupant multi-body system and SVC3D are correct. It is found that occupant with low elongation webbing and pretensioner can be protected. Therefore, we suggest that occupant should be belted with low elongation webbing and occupant restraint system should be equipped with pretensioner to improve the restrain effect and reduce occupant injury during impact.