(1) 概述

虽然名为“额外战争险保险费”，但并不是爆发“战争”的情形下才会产生额外战争保险费，通常保险商会依据伦敦的Joint War Committe划定一个区域（该区域常有更新），该区域简称为JWLA（joint war listed areas），进入该区域的船舶需要缴纳一定数额的“额外战争险保险费”。在2013年，主要的列明区域包括西非的部分国家、索马里、印度洋/阿拉伯海/亚丁湾的部分水域、巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚/马来西亚/菲律宾的部分水域、中东的部分国家如伊朗和伊拉克等、委内瑞拉等。

对于油轮运输来说，额外战争险保险费的产生尤为频繁，因为西非、阿拉伯湾、委内瑞拉等都是油轮重要的装货港所在地。

由于额外战争险保费由船东方支付，只有在租约有约定的情形下，船东才可向承租人索要相关费用，因此，如船东希望相关费用由承租人承担，应当在租约中作出约定。

当前航运市场上，没有一个统一的额外战争险保费费用条款，对油运市场上的战争险费用条款常有不同的解释。航次租约的额外战争险保费的规定通常会包含在租约的战争险条款中，如Voywar 2013中包含对于额外战争险保费的规定，当然也不排除部分租约单独约定额外战争险问题。此类条款通常解决如下问题：

i. 就额外战争险保险费，船东是否可向承租人主张；

ii. 如果额外战争险保险费在租约订立时就能预计到，即不是因为租约订立后风险增加产生的，是否仍由承租人承担；

iii. 额外战争险保险费如由承租人承担，是仅有H&M的额外战争险保险费由承租人承担，还是包括loss of hire，K&R的额外保险费在内的额外保费都由承租人承担；

iv. 船员奖金是否可向承租人主张。

v. 如果船东雇佣武装保安（通常为了防范海盗风险），武装人员费用是否由承租人承担。

(2) Voywar2013的约定

我们首先来看Voywar2013 的规定，Voywar 2013包含的规定如下

(e) (i) The Owners may effect War Risks insurance in respect of the Vessel and any additional insurances that Owners reasonably require in connection with War Risks and the premiums therefor shall be for their account. 

(ii) If, pursuant to the Charterers' orders, or in order to fulfil the Owners’ obligation under this Charter Party, the Vessel proceeds to or through any area or areas exposed to War Risks, the Charterers shall reimburse to the Owners any additional premiums required by the Owners’insurers. If the Vessel discharges all of her cargo within an area subject to additional premiums as

herein set forth, the Charterers shall further reimburse the Owners for the actual additional premiums paid from completion of discharge until the Vessel leaves such area or areas. The Owners shall leave the area or areas as soon as possible after completion of discharge.

可见，在Voywar 2013下，船东处于较有利的位置，为履行租约而产生的任何合理的和战争险相关的额外保险费用（any additional insurances that Owners reasonably require in connection with War Risks and the premiums therefor）需由承租人承担。

(3) BP War Risk Clause和Shellvoy6的约定

而BP War Risk Clause（不是BPVoy4本身包含的战争险条款）对于承租人和船东方在此方面的权利义务约定的相对平衡，也更加明确，承租人承担额外H&M战争险费用，船东承担loss of hire租金损失险（如有）的保险费用和船员奖金，条文如下：

Owners shall effect war risks insurance in respect of the Hull and Machinery of the Vessel and their other interests (including, but not limited to, loss of earnings and detention, the crew and their Protection and Indemnity Risks), and the general premiums and/or calls therefore shall be for their account.

War Risks Insurance additional premiums incurred as a result of the vessel entering an excluded area ("Additional Premium") shall be for Charterer's account, net of alldiscounts or rebates and provided always that Charterers are given notice of the amount of such Additional Premium as soon as possible and, in any event, before such Additional Premium is paid.

The benefits of discounts or rebates on Additional Premium received by owners from their War Risks insurers, underwriters or brokers shall be credited to Charterers in full. Charterers shall reimburse owners any amounts due under this Clause upon receipt of owners' invoice together with full supporting documentation including all associated debit and credit notes.

For the avoidance of doubt any "blocking and trapping", "loss of profit", "loss of hire", "loss of freight", or "loss of bunkers" insurance taken out by owners in respect of the vessel, and any additional premium relating thereto arising from charterers' trading of the vessel, shall be for Owners' account.

Shellvoy 6的规定对于船东方很不利，根据对以下条款的合理解释，承租人可能主张，按照Shellvoy6的约定，如额外战争险费用是在合同签订之日就确定会发生的，由船东方承担该费用。也即只有当某地战争危险加剧，合同签订时进入该地不用承担战争险费用，在其后因为风险的增加才需要购买额外战争险，此时才由承租人负担船壳的额外战争险的费用。此外，在战争险区域停留期间超过14天的情形下也应由承租人承担战争险费用。同时，Shellvoy 6战争风险条款规定船东方承担船员奖金。

Shellvoy 6第34(5)款规定：

Owners shall pay for all additional war risk insurance premiums, both for annual periods and also for the specific performance of this Charter, on the Hull and Machinery value, as per part I clause (A) (I) (xiii) applicable at the date of this Charter, or the date the vessel was fixed “on subjects” (whichever is the earlier), and all reasonable crew war bonus. The period of voyage additoinal war risks premium shall commence when the vessel enters a war risk zone as designated by the London insurance market and cease when the vessel leaves such zone. If the vessel is already in a zone the period shall commence on terndering notice of readiness under this Charter.

Any increase or decrease in voyage additional war risk premium and any period in excess of the first fourteen days shall be for Charterer's account and payable against proven documentation. Any discount or rebate refunded to Owners for whatever reason shall be passed on to Charterers. Any premiums, and increase thereto, attributable to closure insurance (i.e. blocking and trapping) shall be for Owners' account.

Chevron War Risk Clause的规定基本和Shellvoy6的相同；ExxonMobil Voy 2005的战争险条款也基本一致，但没有规定在战争险区域停留过长时间时的处理方式。

船东很难主张在合同制订时不存在海盗风险或无法预计到存在海盗风险。因此，如果船舶需要进入海盗区域，应尽可能约定额外战争险的承担方式，以保护船东的利益及避免可能的分歧。

(4) 关于 K&R和loss of hire保费

在2013年的伦敦仲裁London Arbitration 4/13中，一个期租合同采用了Bimco的2009海盗条款，其中约定“(d) Costs… (iii) If the underwriters of the Owners’ insurances require additional premiums or additional insurance cover is necessary because the Vessel proceeds to or through an Area exposed to risk of Piracy, then such additional insurance cost shall be reimbursed by Charterers to the Owners.” 即船舶穿过海盗风险区域时，如果船东的保险人要求额外保险，且该保险是必要（necessary）的，则承租人需支付船东其承担的保险费用。仲裁员判定船东无法向承租人主张K&R和loss of hire的保险费用，虽然从船东的角度来看，安排这两种保险是合理的，但是仲裁员认为这并非是必要的（necessary），而租约条款约定的是只有“必要的”额外保险的费用才由承租人承担。

(5) 条款的拟定

一个相对完整的、单独的额外战争险保险费条款（同时也较为平衡）例如：

a) Charterer is under no circumstances whatsoever to be liable for any loss, damage or expense which is, or could be, covered by war risks insurance available commercially. Increase of hull and machinery ‘War Risk Premiums’ and ‘Crew War Bonus’ over and above those in effect on the date of the Charterparty, will be for Charterer’s account. （承租人仅承担H&M额外战争险保费，以及船员战争奖金）

b) Charterers shall reimburse Owners for such increases in war risk premiums, crew war bonuses which are reasonably incurred by Owners, provided that Charterers are given notice of such expenses as soon as practicable and, in any event, before such Additional Premium and Crew bonuses are incurred, and provided further that Owners obtain from their insurers a waiver of any subrogated rights against Charterers in respect of any claims by Owners under their war risk insurance arising out of compliance with Charterers orders.

c) Any payments under this clause will only be made against proven documentation. Any discount or rebate refunded to Owners, for whatever reason, in respect of additional war risk premium shall be passed on to Charterers.

d) If the Charterer can obtain a more competitive rate for such Additional premium, which Owners cannot match, then the Owner shall allow the Charterer to arrange such additional cover, with first class insurers, on behalf of Owner. If the Charterer arranges such insurance the Charterer shall confirm cover latest 24 hours before the vessel is due to be exposed to the risk so insured. （约定承租人如能取得优惠的保险费率，可由承租人安排保险）

e) For the purposes of this Clause, Crew Bonuses are defined as mandatory payments imposed by the Government or State under whose flag the Vessel sails, or other Government to whose laws Owners are subject, or any body or group acting with the power to compel compliance with their orders or directions. Any voluntary bonus paid by Owners to the Officers and/or crew in respect of the voyage performed pursuant to this contract shall be for Owners’account. For the avoidance of doubt any “blocking and trapping”, “loss of profit”, “loss of hire”, “loss of freight”or “loss of bunkers” insurance taken out by Owners in respect of the Vessel, and any additional premium relating thereto, arising from Charterers trading of the Vessel, shall be for Owners’account （对于船员奖金作出限制，同时明确loss of hire等的保险承租人不承担）

f) For the purposes of this clause, a war risk area will constitute that which has been recognized by Lloyd’s of London as such an area. In addition, any increase in insurance premiums to be limited to that commercially available in the London insurance market. 

文/应送波