加载中…“人生境界”的英文表达
(2018-01-18 17:01:19)
标签：
人生境界冯友兰中国哲学自然境界英语 |
最近翻译的书与中国传统文化有关，那肯定有一部分是说哲学的。说到中国哲学，肯定会涉及到“人生境界”这个词，一直不知应该怎么翻译，上网也查询过，但是没找到合适的译法。今天碰巧看到了冯友兰先生的《中国哲学史》，原来冯老先生用的是“the
spheres of living”。
The Spheres of
Living
What is the function of
philosophy? In chapter one I suggested that, according to Chinese
philosophical tradition, its function is not the increase of
positive knowledge of matters of fact, but the
elevation of the
mind（按照中国哲学的传统，哲学的任务不是增加关于实际的积极的知识，而是提高人的精神境界。）. Here it would seem
well to explain more clearly what I mean by this
statement.
In my book, The New Treatise on
the Nature of Man, I have observed that man differs from
other
animals in that when he does
something, he understands what he is doing, and is conscious that
he is
doing
it（人与其他动物的不同，在于人做某事时，他了解他在做什么，并且自觉地在做。）. It is this understanding
and self-consciousness that give significance for him to what he
is
doing. The various
significances that thus attach to his various acts, in their
totality, constitute what I call his sphere of living. Different
men may do the same things, but according to their different
degrees of understanding and self-consciousness, these things may
have varying significance to them. Every individual has his own
sphere of living, which is not quite the same as that of any other
individual. Yet in spite of these individual differences, we can
classify the various spheres of living into four general grades.
Beginning with the lowest, they are: the
innocent sphere（自然境界）, the utilitarian sphere（功利境界）, the moral
sphere（道德境界）, and the transcendent
sphere（天地境界）.
A man may simply do what his
instinct or the custom of his society leads him to do. Like
children and
primitive people, he does what
he does without being self-conscious or greatly understanding what
he is doing. Thus what he does has little significance, if any, for
him. His sphere of living is what I call
the
自然境界：人若只是顺着本能或风俗习惯做事，然而并无觉解，或不甚觉解。他所做的事，对于他就没有意义，或很少意义。
Or man may be aware of himself,
and be doing everything for himself. That does not mean that he
is
necessarily an immoral man. He
may do something, the consequences of which are beneficial to
others, but his motivation for so doing is self-benefit. Thus
everything he does has the significance of utility for himself. His
sphere of living is what I call the utilitarian
sphere.
功利境界：人意识到他自己，为自己而做各种事。这并不意味着他必然是不道德的人。他可以做些事，其后果有利于他人，其动机则是利已的。所以他所做的各种事，对于他，有功利的意义。
Yet again a man may come to
understand that a society exists, of which he is a member. This
society
constitutes a whole and he, is
a part of that whole. Having this understanding, he does everything
for the benefit of the society, or as the Confucianists say, he
does everything for the sake of righteousness, and not for the sake
of personal profit." He is the truly moral man and what he does is
moral action in the strict sense of the word. Everything he does
has a moral significance. Hence his sphere of living is what I call
the moral sphere.
道德境界：人了解到社会的存在，他是社会的一员。这个社会是一个整体，他是这个整体的一部分。有这种觉解，他就为社会的利益做各种事，或如儒家所说，他做事是为了“正其义不谋其利”。他真正是有道德的人，他所做的都是符合严格的道德意义的道德行为。他所做的各种事都有道德的意义。道德境界有道德价值。
And finally, a man may come to
understand that over and above society as a whole, there is the
great
whole which is the universe. He
is not only a member of society, but at the same time a member of
the
universe. He is a citizen of
the social organization, but at the same time a citizen of Heaven,
as Mencius says. Having this understanding, he does everything for
the benefit of the universe. He understands the significance of
what he does and is self-conscious of the fact that he is doing
what he does. This understanding and self-consciousness constitute
for him a higher sphere of living which I call the transcendent
sphere.
天地境界（哲学境界）：人了解到超乎社会整体之上，还有一个更大的整体，即宇宙。他不仅是社会的一员，同时还是宇宙的一员。他是社会组织的公民，同时还是孟子所说的“天民”。有这种觉解，他就为宇宙的利益而做各种事。他了解他所做的事的意义，自觉他正在做他所做的事。天地境界有超道德价值。
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