Lesson 27  Nothing to sell and nothing to buy  不卖也不买

New words and expression 生词和短语
★Philosopher  n.哲学家

★Wisdom  n.智慧（wise  adj.英明的, 明智的, 聪明的）
-- He showed great wisdom.  他展示了非凡的智慧。
-- He is a man of wisdom. = He is a wise man.
cut one's wisdom teeth  开始懂事

★Priest  n.牧师

★Spiritual  adj.精神上的（adj.非物质的, 精神的, 灵魂的）
-- Spiritual life 精神生活, spiritual need 精神上的需要
spirited  adj.精神饱满的, 生机勃勃的, 勇敢的
-- a spirited girl 一个勇敢的女孩
-- low-spirited 沮丧的, high-spirited 兴奋的
-- public-spirited 热心公益的, a spirited debate 热烈的辩论
mental  adj.心理的, 智力的
physical  adj.身体的, 物质的, 自然的, 物理的
spirituous  adj.酒精的, 含酒精的（liquor n.酒类）
-- spirituous liquor 烈性酒

★Grudge  v.不愿给, 舍不得给
surgeon   n.外科大夫
passer-by  n.过路人（复数 passers-by）

★dignity  n.尊严（高贵）
lose one's dignity  丢面子, 失去尊严
-- If you are afraid of losing your dignity, you can’t expect to learn to speak a foreign language.
-- Although she is very poor, she has not lost her dignity. 她虽然很穷, 但没有失去她的尊严。
Keep/stand on one's dignity 保持自已的尊严
pocket one's dignity  [口]放下架子
with great dignity 仪态大方
-- Ladies and gentlemen should always act with great dignity.
太太先生们的举止应该总是十分端庄体面的。
Dignify  vt.使有尊严, 使高贵
Dignified  adj.高贵的，有尊严的

★deliberately  adv.故意地（深思熟虑的, 考虑周到的）
on purpose  adv.故意  强调目的性
-- He coughed on purpose to attract my attention.

★consequence  n.后果, 结果
in consequence  因此, 结果
in consequence of...  因为...的缘故, 由于
take the consequences of…  承担…责任
-- You have to take the consequences of the accidence.
Result  按常规产生的结果
Effect  n.结果, 效果, 作用, 影响
Outcome  n.结果, 成果（自然的结果）最后的结局
-- The outcome of the election was in doubt then. 当时大选的结果还看不准。

★afflict  v.使苦恼, 折磨 --常用于被动语态
be afflicted with…  受…的折磨
-- He is afflicted with a disease (n.疾病, 病)
affliction  n.痛苦, 苦恼
afflictive  adj.带给人痛苦的, 苦恼的, 难受的

★ease  n.容易
with ease  熟练地, 轻而易举地
at ease  安逸, 自由自在
---He stayed at home at  ease.
be/feel ill at ease  局促不安, 心神不宁
put sb. at his ease  使某人宽心, 使某人感到无拘无束
-- The manager put his shop assistants at their ease. （shop assistant  n.店员）
take one's ease  安心, 放心
-- I take my ease to study English here.

★nature  n.大自然

★contempt  n.蔑视 ---比despite语气强烈
in contempt of…  不顾…
-- In contempt of his father’s objection he went aboard.（objection  n.反对）
hold/have sb. in contempt 鄙视某人 = look down upon sb
-- I hold him in contempt because he has nothing to do every day.
Contempta ble  adj.可鄙的, 不齿的, 可轻视的
-- He is a contemptible person.
Contemptuous  adj.轻蔑的, 傲慢的, 轻视的
Despite  n.轻视, 怨[憎]恨, 轻蔑, 侮辱
Scorn（n.轻蔑, 嘲笑）因强烈的反感面促成的蔑视。                                       
-- pour scorn on 不屑一顾, 嘲弄
Scornful（adj.轻视的，藐视的）
-- Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold.
他轻蔑地看了她一眼, 告诉她说, 那件衣服卖出去了。

★envious  adj.嫉妒的（羡慕的）
-- be envious of sb for his success = be envious of sb's success
忌妒(羡慕)某人的成功
I'm envious/jealous of you.
jealous  adj.妒忌的, 羡慕的, 吃醋的
-- She is jealous of our success.  她嫉妒我们的成就。

★Tramp  vt.vt.徒步走, 徒步旅行
★Tramp  n.步行, 徒步旅行, 徒步旅行者
★Tramp  n.流浪者, 乞丐, 妓女
★Comfort  n.安慰, 舒适
★Material  adj.物质的 n.材料, 原料
★Goods  n.商品, 货物
★Willing  adj.乐意的, 自愿的
★Willingly  adv.自动地, 欣然地
★Precise  adj.恰好的, 精确的, 准确的
★Precisely  adv.正好, 恰恰, 精确地, 准确地
★Society  n.社会
★Skill  n.技巧, 技艺, 技能, (专门)技术
★General  adj.一般的, 普通的
★Rule  n.常例, 习惯, 规律 n.规则, 惯例
★Arouse  vt.唤醒, 唤起, 鼓励, 引起
★Independence  n.独立, 自主
★Sacrifice  v.牺牲, 献出 n.牺牲, 献身
★Choose  vt.vi.（chose, chosen, choosing）挑选, 选择
★Aware  adj.知道的, 明白的, 意识到的
★Anxiety  n.忧虑, 焦急
★Care  n.烦恼, 忧虑
★Felt [felt] （feel的过去式和过去分词）

Text 课文
Listen to the tape then answer the question below.
Listen the tape then answer the question below.
What is the most important thing for a tramp?

It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possession make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?

参考译文
据说每个人都靠出售某种东西来维持生活。根据这种说法，教师靠卖知识为生，哲学家靠卖智慧为生，牧师靠卖精神安慰为生。虽然物质产品的价值可以用金钱来衡量，但要估算别人为我们为所提供的服务的价值却是极其困难的。有时，我们为了挽救生命，愿意付出我们所占有的一切。但就在外科大夫给我们提供了这种服务后，我们却可能为所支付的昂贵的费用而抱怨。社会上的情况就是如此，技术是必须付钱去买的，就像在商店里要花钱买商品一样。人人都有东西可以出售。
在这条普遍的规律前面，好像只有流浪汉是个例外，乞丐出售的几乎是他本人，以引起过路人的怜悯。但真正的流浪并不是乞丐。他们既不出售任何东西，也不需要从别人那儿得到任何东西，在追求独立自由的同时，他们并不牺牲为人的尊严。游浪汉可能会向你讨钱，但他从来不要你可怜他。他是故意在选择过那种生活的，并完全清楚以这种方式生活的后果。他可能从不知道下顿饭有无着落，但他不像有人那样被千万桩愁事所折磨。他几乎没有什么财产，这使他能够轻松自如地在各地奔波。由于被迫在露天睡觉，他比我们中许多人都离大自然近得多。为了生存，他可能会去打猎、乞讨，偶尔偷上一两回；确实需要的时候，他甚至可能干一点儿活，但他决不会牺牲自由。说起流浪汉，我们常常带有轻蔑并把他们与乞丐归为一类。但是，我们中有多少人能够坦率地说我们对流浪汉的简朴生活与无忧无虑的境况不感到有些羡慕呢？

It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.
It is said that…  据说…
Live by = to make enough money to feed oneself
Live by…  以某种职业为生
Live on…  依靠某种食物维持生命, 或靠某人生活。
-- Sheep and cows live on grasses.
-- He lives chiefly on fruit.  （Chiefly  adv.首要, 主要地）
-- Though he is over thirty, he still lives on his parents.

In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
In the light of…  按照, 根据, 考虑到, 从...的观点
In the light of = according to = taking into account
-- The theory has been abandoned in the light of modern discovery.
-- In the light of the evidence it was decided to take the manufacturers to court.(n.法院, 庭院)
In accordance with...  依照…(用在法律上, 更加正式)
-- In accordance with the law
-- In accordance with the regulation (n.规则, 规章)

Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
in terms of  按照, 在...方面, 就…而言, 关于
-- He thinks of every thing in terms of people’s interests.(n.利益)
  他依据(按照)人民的利益考虑任何事。
In terms of
= in respect of（关于, 就…来说）, with respect to（关于, 至于, 谈到）
= in/with regard to（关于）, as regards（关于, 至于）

There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service.
There are times when…  有的时候…
Would表达一种心理的愿望, 并不表示过去。
-- There are time when we would willingly give everything we possess to bring our family happiness.
Grudge  vt.吝啬, 不愿给, 勉强给（后面要和名词和动名词搭配）
-- I grudge wasting time on this.  我不愿在这件事上浪费时间。
-- He grudge paying so much money for such bad food.

The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
The conditions of society are such = Such are the conditions of society

Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars.

They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others.
Require sth from…

In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
In seeking independence = In the course of seeking independence=in teh course of running after independence
In和动名词搭配, 表示在…的过程当中。
---in turning the page
---He  happened to look up to see me.
-- In speaking to him, I found that he stammers.（v.口吃, 结巴着说出）
 on和动名词搭配, 表示一…就…
-- In crossing the hall, I noticed my shoes was undone.（adj.脱去的, 解开的, 放松的）
  在进入大厅的时候, 我注意到我的鞋带松了。
-- On crossing the hall, I noticed my shoes was undone.
  一进入大厅的时候, 我就注意到我的鞋带松了。

A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him.
He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences.
Fully = completely

He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people.
be free from…  不受…的影响, 免于...（= without）
-- The old lady is never free from pain.老太太始终病痛缠身
-- free from error 没有错误, free from anxiety 没有忧虑
-- He is leading a life free from care and anxieties.
Care（n.烦恼, 忧虑）                   anxiety（n.忧虑, 焦急, 渴望, 热望）

His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.
Make it possible for sb to do sth

By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do.

He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom.
keep oneself alive  为了生存

We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?
With +名词（表示具有、带有）
-- How many of us can honestly say that we wouldn’t like to learn English well?

Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1>  It is very difficult to estimate the true value of the services people perform for us vecause _____ .
a. people’s needs vary so much according to their circumstances.
b. we refuse to admit that surgeons perform a very necessary service
c. we seldom should give everything we possess for such services
d. such services are paid for in the same way as material goods
---A    circumstance  n.环境, 详情, 境况

2> in choosing to lead the life he leads, the tramp has decided _____ .
a. he will never need to ask people for anything
b. to sleep in the open in order to be closer to the world of nature
c. he would rather lead the life of a criminal than do any work
d. his freedom more than compensates for the inconveniences of such a life
----D    criminal  n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
compensate  v.偿还, 补偿
inconvenience  n.麻烦, 不方便之处

3>In moments of truth we feel envious of a tramp’s way of life because _____ .
a. we feel that our way of life is undignifiged compared to a tramp’s
b. his life is not burdened with the anxieties we are often troubled by
c. of the freedom he has from the struggle to keep alive
d. we realize that it is better than having to beg for a livelihood
---B    in moments of truth = truly
undignified  adj.无尊严的
compare  v.比较, 相比, 比喻 n.比较
burden  v.负担 n.担子, 负担
livelihood  n.生计, 谋生

4>Yet we might grudge _____ a surgeon for offering...(l.8)
a. a high fee we had paid    b. the high fee we would pay
c. the high fee paying       d. to pay a high fee
---B

5>They _____ require anything from others.(ll.12-13)
a. do not have to sell anything or    b. have nothing to sell nor do they
c. have to sell nothing nor they      d. have not sold anything and do not
---B    a中的have to用的不恰当
对两者的否定　
Neither…nor…
Nothing…nor…
Nor位于句首, 倒装。

6>With so few material possessions, he _____ to move from... (ll.16-=17)
a. may be able    b. is able    c. can    d. is possible

---B

7>We often speak contemptuously _____ tramps and ... (ll.19-20)
a. for     b. on     c. to     d. of
----D    contemptuously  adv.轻蔑地
speak of  谈及, 说到
speak for  代表...讲话, 为…辩护
speak on  就…而发言
speak to  与…谈话, 向...说

8>But _____ of us can honestly say... (l.20)
a. who    b. which ones     c. how many     d. what one
---C

9> A surgeon is a man who _____ .(l.8)
a. saves people’s lives    b. gives people financial advice
c. performs operations    d. insures people’s lives against sickness or death
----C
financial  adj.财政的, 金融的
insure  vt.给...保险 v.确保
sickness  n.患病, 疾病, 不适, 恶心

10> ---- make it possible for him to move _____ with ease. (ll.16-17)
a. here nad there    b. one way or another    c. from square to square    d. in every sense
----A
from place to place 从一个地方到另一个地方; 各地, 到处
= here and there 各处, 到处
one way or another 无论如何, 某种方法
in every sense 在各种意义上
-- He is a cheat in every sense.（cheat n.欺骗, 骗子）

11> He may hunt, beg or steal occasionally to _____ ... (l.18)
a. make a living    b. survive    c. be living    d. be alive
----B    to survive = keep himself alive

12> We often _____ tramps and put them down as beggars. (ll.20-21)
a. convict    b. blame    c. look down on    d. condemn
----C
look down upon/on 蔑视, 瞧不起
convict  vt.（常与of连用）证明有…罪；宣判有…罪
-- He was convicted of murder.  他被判犯有谋杀罪。
Blame  vt.（常与for连用）责备, 谴责 n.过失, 责备
-- She blamed me for the accident.
Condemn  vt.判刑, 处刑（常与to连用）判以死刑或无期徒刑
be condemned to death 被判死刑
-- The prisoner was condemned to death.