Lesson 20  Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱
New words and expression 生词和短语
★Pioneer  n.先驱 vi.vt.开拓, 为…开路, 作先驱者
Young pioneer 少先队员
A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者
Advocate  n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹
-- pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育

★lord  n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵
lordless  adj.无君主的,  无丈夫的
lordship  n.贵族权力, 贵族身份
lordly  adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地
duke  n.公爵
marquis  n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）
earl  n.<英>伯爵
viscount  n.(英国的)子爵
baron  n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为： baroness）

★Calais  n.加来（法国港市）

★Overland  adj.陆上的
Overnight  n.头天晚上 adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的 adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上
-- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行 /  an overnight guest 过夜的客人
overpopulated  adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的
overseas  adv.海外 adj.外国的, 海外的
over+动词（over表示超过）
overeat  vt.使吃过量 vi.吃得过多
oversleep  vt.(使)睡过头 vi.睡过头, 睡得太久
overwork  n.过度工作 v.(使)工作过度
overcharge  v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电 n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电
overestimate  vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高

★pilot  n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员
★engine  n.发动机, 机车, 火车头
★Calais  加来（法国北部港市）
★Latest  adj.最后的, 最迟的, 最新的, 最近的 n.最新消息, 最新式样
★Last  vi.持续, 支持, 维持
★Dover  n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）

Text 课文
What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English Channel?

   In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of ￡1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the 'Antoinette IV'. He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
    Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called 'No. XI'. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. Latham, however did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new 'Antonette'. It looks as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.

In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.
the first man who would fly across… = the first man to fly across...
序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句
-- the first person to greet him was a local policeman
-- She was the only one to survive the plane crash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。
  = She was the only one that survive the plane crash.

Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才...）
attempt  n.努力, 尝试, 企图 vt.尝试, 企图（attempt的语气比try强烈）
in one's attempt
-- She failed in her attempt to swim the English Channel. 她横度英吉利海峡的尝试失败了。
make an attempt on 
-- He made an attempt on the mountain. 他试图攀登那座山。
make an attempt to do
-- She made every attempt to run away. 她想尽一切办法逃走。
make no attempt
-- She made no attempt to run away. 她没有想逃走。

He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on sea.
When = at that moment
Failed = break down 失灵, 出故障
Fail 失败、忽视
-- She failed to win the prize.
-- When I saw him, my words failed me. 当我见到他的时候, 我不知道说什么好了。
be forced to do 被迫做某事

The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
picked up = save = rescue

Two days alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called 'No. XI'. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model.
with a plane（with 具有、带有）-- a suitcase with a handle

A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles.
= A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight and during the flight he covered
twenty-six miles.
-- during which = during flight
Latham, however, did not give up easily.
He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new  'Antoinette'.

It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
It looked as if  似乎, 看起来
-- It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.

After making a short test flight at 4,15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later.
make a short test flight 做段距离试飞

His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes.
When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman.
= When he landed near Dover, the first person who greeted him was a local policeman.

Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again.
make another attempt  做了另一次试飞

His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.
for the first time  /  for the second time

Key structures 关键句型 
介词和关系代词搭配的用法：（决定介词位置的四个因素）
1>在正式的用法和用于书面语中, 当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时, 能够把可移位
的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。
-- This is the person about whom I was telling you.
-- Is this the book for which you asked me?
2>在非正式的用法和口语当中, 介词一般要放在从句的末尾。
3>有些动词＋介词, 合成词组被看作是不可分隔的语言单位。这个时候介词必须紧跟动词,
不可移位
-- take after, account for
4>在很多情况下, 介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语, 在从句中起着状语作用, 与从句的
谓语动词毫无关系, 不是谓语动词的一部分。这时介词始终位于关系代词之前。
-- He described it was a very agreeable situation located within two small hills. + In the midst of
two small hills, flowed a great river.  He described it as a very agreeable situations located
within tow small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.
-- Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer stated that Rastus was in safe
hands.

Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1. 1  In Hubert Latham’s first attempt to fly the English Channel _____.
a. Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of ￡1,000
b. his engine failed with only seen miles togo before reaching Dover
c. his plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off
d. both Latharm and his plane were rescued by a passing ship

--C正确    develop（vt.使显出, 出现, 产生）    take-off（n.起飞）

2. When Bleriot made his successful crossing _____ .
a. he was flying a plane he had made in 1905
b. he had already flown overland the distance across the English Channel
c. he set out for Dover half an hour before Latham did
d. he was arrested as soon as he landed in England

 --B正确     

3.  Latham failed at his second attempt because _____ .
a. he did not get up early enough
b. he had to make another forced landing
c. he only got within half a mile of Dover
d. his plane had not been repaired properly

-- B正确    forced landing 迫降    properly（adv.适当地, 完全地）

4.The first man _____ across the English Channel would receive Lord Northcliffe’s prize. (ll.1-2)
a. who was going to fly    b. flying    c. to fly    d. having flown

--C正确    序数词和不定式搭配连用

5. The first attempt _____ over a year later. (ll.2-3)
a. was not made till    b. was made in   c. was made after    d. was made until

--A正确    not till / not until

6.  He, too, _____ near Calais with a new ‘Antoinette’. (ll.10-11)
a. just arrived   b. was just arriving    c. had just arrived    d. arrived just

--C正确    有just一般用完成时

7.  He, too, _____ near Calais with a new ‘Antoinette’. (ll.10-11)
a. just arrived   b. was just arriving    c. had just arrived    d. arrived just

--D正确    promised  vt.预示（有可能发生好的迹象）
threaten  预示…的恶兆
-- The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff managed to escape
just in time.
这股岩浆威胁着要将他团团围住,但泰哲夫还是设法及时躲开了。

8.   Latham made another attempt a week later. _____ he got within half a mile of Dover. (ll.14-15)
a. This time    b. That time    c. When    d. Then

--A正确

9.He had travelled _____ seven miles when… (ll.5-6)
a. farther than    b. no longer than    c. no further than    d. a space o
 
--C 正确
no further 修饰距离 （-- I can walk no further.  我再也走不动了。）
no longer 修饰时间或长度 （-- He no longer lives here. 他再也不住这了。）
no more 修饰某物 （-- I can eat no more. 我再也吃不下了。）

10.The ‘Antoinette’ _____ until Latham was picked up… (l.7)
a. held water    b. was watertight    c. stayed at sea    d. rode the waves

--D正确 
-- The ship rode the waves. 这艘船漂浮在水面上。
hold water 论点或观点站得住脚
-- What you said doesn’t hold water. 你的话站不得住脚。
Watertight  adj. 无懈可击的, 不漏水的, 不透水的
-- a watertight contract. 严密的合同

11.After making a short test flight, Bleriot set off at quarter _____ five. (ll.12-13)
a. to    b. of    c. before    d. past

--A正确

12. His _____ flight lasted thirty-seven minutes. (ll.13-14)
a. immense    b. long    c. grand    d. remarkable

--D正确
immense  adj.修饰面积大得难以测量
grand  adj.雄伟的, 壮丽的, 盛大的