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主谓一致(一)

(2007-01-11 16:08:19)
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。下面让我们看看不同类型的主谓一致。
  1. 名词做主语
  1) 单复数主谓一致
  A) 一般词汇:有些词汇的复数形式是固定不变的,如:crossroads (十字路口;聚焦点), barracks (兵营), headquarters (总部), means (方法,手段), species (种类,品种), series (系列), works (工厂)等,但其动词的单复数取决于两点:
  a) 取决于限定词:
  例:Every means has been tried but without much result.(各种方法都试过,可没有多大效果。)
  These works have been closed since the beginning of this year due to the strike of the workers.(由于工人罢工,这些工厂从今年年初起就一直停工。)
  b) 取决于上下文内容、作者所要表达的意思、特指还是泛指:
  例:Are/ Is there any other means of solving the problem?(还有什么其它解题的方法吗?注意:这里可以用are表示其它方法,也可以用is表示和现在所用的方法相对比的另一种方法。)
  My favorite book is The Old Man and the Sea.(我喜爱的书是《老人与海》。注意:本句是特指。)
  Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.(我国的电视剧比日本的好得多。注意:本句是泛指。)
  注意:a series of
  这是一个短语,表示“一系列”,后面跟复数名词。但其动词谓语用单数还是用复数,取决于本短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物还是“不同种类”的事物。前者用单数谓语;后者用复数谓语。
  例:A series of wet days spoils our holiday.(阴雨连绵破坏了我们的假期。)
  There are a series of strange objects in his suitcase.(他的提箱里有一些奇怪的东西。)
  c) 从句做主语
  例:1991年6月四级第69题
  How close parents are to their children _______ a strong influence on the character of the children.
  A) have   B) has   C) having   D) to have
  本题中how引导的从句做主语,为单数,所以答案是B) has。全句的意思是:“孩子与父母的接近程度会对孩子的性格有很大影响。”
  d) 学科名词一般用单数谓语动词。但如果这个词还可表示相关活动、具体或个别事实或事件时,则可用复数谓语。这样的词有:economics(经济学), electronics(电子学), mathematics(数学), politics(政治学)等等。
  例:Politics is a good topic for discussion.(政治是谈论的好题目。)
  Economics has fascinated me.(我迷上了经济学。)
  e) 有些名词具有复数形式,但其实是单数意义,有自己的复数形式。其用法与一般名词相同,单数时可以使用不定冠词,谓语用单数;复数时谓语动词用复数。这种名词的"伪装"很不好识别,只能靠平时词汇量和经验的积累。例如:chaos - chaoses(琐事,杂乱), campus - campuses(校园), chorus - choruses(合唱队), status - statuses(身份、地位), virus - viruses(病毒), analysis - analyses(分析), basis - bases(基础), crisis - crises(危机), hypothesis - hypotheses(假设),等。
例:There was chaos everywhere in the town after the earthquake.(地震后,城内一片混乱。)
  f) 有些表示成双成对的词,常常只用复数形式,动词一律用复数,也不能用不定冠词。比如要表示“一……”,要使用量词,通常使用"a pair of"。这样的词有: eyeglasses(眼镜), pants(裤子), scissors(剪刀), shoes(鞋), shorts(短裤), socks(短袜), stockings(长统袜), trousers(裤子)等。
  B) 无复数形式的名词
  a) 有些名词,特别是一些表示动物的名词,其单复数形式是固定不变的,但其动词的单复数取决于其限定词和上下文内容。
  例:Much of this data is conclusive.(这数据中有许多都是决定性的。)
  Many of these data are conclusive. (这些数据中有许多都是决定性的。)
  That Japanese has been to China for twenty times.(这位日本人已来过中国20次了。)
  Those Japanese are visitors to our university.(那些日本人是到我们大学来参观的客人。)
  注意:Chinese, Japanese这样的词不仅可做名词,还可和定冠词一起连用,表示“……一类人”,是种集合名词的表达形式。因此,用于后者时,其动词的单复数不能取决于内容,而是一定要用复数。
  b) 集合名词:大部分集合名词都可使用单数或复数动词,这主要取决于作者的强调点:强调整体时,用单数谓语;强调这个集体里的成员时,用复数谓语。这样的集合名词有:army(军队), audience(观众、听众), board(委员会), committee(委员会), crew(全体队员、船员、机组人员等), crowd(人群), firm(公司), government(政府), group(组、群), majority(多数人), minority(少数人), public(公众), staff(全体工作人员), union(联盟)等。
  例:The audience was excited by the excellent show.(精彩的演出使全体观众情绪激昂。)
  The public is/are requested not to leave litter in the public places.(公众不能在公共场所乱扔垃圾。)
  注意:
  1) 后一个例句中,The public指的是在公共场所的人,谓语可用单数或复数。
  2) 还有一些集合名词也没有复数形式,但只能做复数名词使用,谓语动词应该用复数。这样的man(人类), police(警察)等。
  c) 专有名词和不可数名词的谓语一律用单数谓语。前者指人名、地名、国家名、城市名、书名、机构名或重大事件。后者又可分为物质和抽象名词两大类。
  例:The Tales of Ancient China was written by that old professor.(《古代中国神话》是由那位老教授编写的。)
  The United Nations is trying to find a better way to bring the two parties together.(联合国正在寻求更有效的方法来调停双方。)
  注意:在具体应用中,有些不可数名词可加复数词尾,这时其意义稍有变化,动词的单复数则根据具体句子意思而定。有时甚至可加不定冠词。
例:There were bright lights in that mansion all the night.(那栋大厦整夜都亮着灯光。)
  She was a beauty even after she had three children.(她生了三个孩子以后还是个美人。)
  C) 另外,还有特殊复数形式的名词也需要你的特殊注意。这些词的复数形式可能并不明显,所以常导致谓语单复数错误。
特殊复数形式的名词:phenomenon - phenomena(现象), goose - geese(鹅), mouse - mice(老鼠)等
  2) 不定代词和带限定词的名词做主语
  A) 不定代词或every加名词做主语:every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody, anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything在句中做主语,或做限定词限定一个名词时,后面的谓语一律用单数。
  例:Each family was forced to send one labor to the army.(每家都被迫送一个劳动力到军队去。)
  Either of them isn't going to give up their chance of education.(他们两个都不想放弃受教育的权利。)
  注意:上述词语做限定词加of时,后面的名词或代词都应该用复数,但谓语却用单数。即使有定语从句,其主句、从句谓语仍用单数。
  例:Each one of us who is now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries.(现在活着的人一定会见到伟大的科学发现。)
  B) 限定词加名词做主语:all, any, many, more, most, some的谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。
  a) all, any, many, more, most, some修饰单数名词时,谓语为单数;当修饰复数名词谓语为复数。
  例:All of the world is against wars.(全世界都反对战争。)
  There is some girl at the telephone who wants to speak to you.(有个女孩打电话来,找你。)
  b) all, any, many, more, most, some加复数名词时,谓语用复数动词。
  例:All roads lead to Rome.(条条大路通罗马。)
  There are scarcely any flies left.(几乎没有什么苍蝇了。)
  c) all, any, many, more, most, some修饰不可数名词时,谓语用单数动词。
  例:If there is any trouble, please don't hesitate to turn to me.(如果有什么困难,请立刻来找我。)
  More experience is essential for getting a higher position.(要得到更高的职位,重要的是要有更多的经验。)
d) 注意:many不能修饰不可数名词。Many a person/ thing, more than one person / thing这样的短语是固定搭配,名词为单数;most不能和单数名词连用来表示单数。

  1. Bacon and eggs ________ a hearty breakfast for a growing boy.
   A. is made
   B. makes
   C. have made
   D. make
  2. One of the students who ________ to the authority about the problem of pollution raises his hand.
   A. have written
   B. has written
   C. writes
   D. write
  3. The number of students in the oral English program training _______ to 20.
   A. limits
   B. is limited
   C. limited
   D. are limited
  4. The linebacker and captain of the team _________ most valuable player.
   A. have been selected
   B. has been selected
   C. have selected
   D. has selected
  5. _________ to the Beijing Zoo.
   A. All but he and I are going
   B. All but him and me are going
   C. All but he and I am going
   D. All but him and I are going
  6. In every sentence you write, the feedback from the letters of any word you are writing, together with your knowledge of spelling of the word, ________ you which letter to write next.
   A. tell
   B. tells
   C. have told
   D. told
  7. _________ a place where roads cross.
   A. The crossroad is
   B. A crossroad is
   C. crossroads are
   D. A crossroads are
  8. Either you or your teacher _________ mistaken.
   A. is
   B. has
   C. are
   D. were
  9. _________ of books on how to prepare for the CET are compiled by her.
   A. The number
   B. The amount
   C. A number
   D. The limitation
  10. The community, as well as the owners of the land _________ in development.
   A. are interested
   B. are interesting
   C. is interested
   D. are interesting

1 B
2 A
3 B
4 B
5 A
6 B
7 B
8 A
9 C
10 C

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