二.
不规则名词的复数形式
1.
以-sis结尾的外来词变复数时,形式为“-ses”。如:
diagnosis, analysis, thesis, axis, basis, emphasis, crisis,
ellipsis, oasis, hypothesis, synopsis
2.
在英语中的一些外来词(源于Latin, Greece, French, Italy,
Russia)在构成复数时,保留了原有的复数形式。如:
datum→data
bacterium→bacteria
medium→media
criterion→criteria
phenomenon→phenomena
index→indices
alumnus→alumni
stratum→strata
stimulus→stimuli
auditorium→auditoria
3.
有些名词以改变元音的方法变复数,个别的辅音也会发生变化。如:
ox→oxen
foot→feet
mouse→mice
goose→geese
child→children
louse→lice
alderman→aldermen
dormouse→dormice
tooth→teeth man→men
women→women
4.
有些名词的单复数形式相同,需要根据上下文来判断其单复数形式。如:
sheep, fish, buffalo, deer, aircraft, shark, giraffe, swine, trout,
cod, salmon, stand, means, works, barracks, bellows, crossroads,
gasworks, kennels, brace, horsepower, series, species, précis,
stone, lazybones, headquarters
另外,直接从汉语音译过来的名词一般没有复数形式,如:li (里), yuan(元)。
5.
下列表示某一国家的人,单复数同形,如:
Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, Vietnamese, Burmese
三.
只有单数形式的名词
1.
有生命的集体名词
这些词形式上是单数,若指整体,作单数使用;若指整体中的每个成员,作复数使用。
Class, couple, committee, enemy, audience, association, family,
jury, majority, mob, government, staff, opposition, party, team,
troop, troupe, swarm, school, shoal, pack, litter, flock, herd,
population, humanity, press, livestock, vermin, faculty, group,
public, army, crowd等。
注意:下列几个词一般要被大于“一”的数词修饰,或者只能被“十”,“百”,“千”修饰,如:infantry, clergy, cattle, cavalry, police, scum,
personnel, people等。
2.
无生命的集体名词
这类名词中有些是物质名词,包括气体,液体名词,药品等,如:
machinery, weaponry, clothing, sweat, poetry, jewelry, stationery,
crockery, underwear, footwear, glasswear, hardwear, sugar, salt,
rice, corn, powder, flour, sand, dust, dirt, chalk, paper, wood,
soap, gasoline, merchandise, scenery, traffic, nature, baggage,
luggage, money, junk, game, oxygen,
hydrogen等。
这类名词还不可以加“-s”,也不能被many, few, a few和数词修饰。若要表示多数,则需要用一些单位词:a piece of, a great deal of
等。
3.
抽象名词
education, homework, knowledge, filth, bravery, fun, photography,
correspondence, strength, happiness, laughter, honesty, loyalty,
anger, companionship, friendship, promotion, interference,
approval, failure, childhood, truth, freedom, wealth, wisdom,
ignorance, ease, luck, love, peace, information, intelligence,
pleasure, entertainment, room, recreation, relaxation, sunlight,
sunshine, lightening, thunder, weather, geology, chemistry,
biology, music, philosophy, darkness, light, heat, electricity ,
energy, power等。
这些词不能用many修饰,谓语动词用单数。