加载中…
个人资料
  • 博客等级:
  • 博客积分:
  • 博客访问:
  • 关注人气:
  • 获赠金笔:0支
  • 赠出金笔:0支
  • 荣誉徽章:
正文 字体大小:

高考英语阅读理解题的测试点研究(中)——以高考英语全国卷、地方卷常规阅读理解试题为例

(2018-10-19 10:23:35)
标签:

高考英语

阅读理解

测试本质

技能点测试点

案例研究

分类: 高考英语测试研究

二、高考英语阅读理解试题测试点挖掘案例研究


笔者以事实细节题为表层和局部信息理解题,将其他技能题归类为深层理解题。对每一个微技能命题(考查)方向做了更为精微的测试点挖掘与探讨,这种精微测试点主要体现在各个微技能下的各种角度的诘问方法上。下面分而述之。


(一)表层理解试题的测试点拓展


事实细节题属于表层理解,主要检测学生的文章认读能力,这类试题要求应试者对文章提供的具体事实和线索能加以辨读。表层理解试题与深层理解试题相比,前者在全国卷方面比例要高于后者(113道,占比57.95%),而在地方卷方面比例则要略低(208道,占比46.33%)。表层理解试题所采用的诘问方法一般有两种:多线诘问法与单线诘问法。根据统计数据来看,单线诘问试题的题量与占比(全国卷28道,14.36%;地方卷35道,7.8%)明显低于多线诘问试题(全国卷85道,43.5%;地方卷17338.53%)。这说明这类题型的编制更偏向于要求应试者关注全文的综合性事实。多线诘问的优势在于诘问方式的多线索特征与选项配置的全文性散点分布特征,这要求命题者与应试者应对文章细节有高度把握与总体把握。全文关怀,正是从这个意义上提出来的。


单线诘问法


单线诘问的方式比较简单,顾名思义,从问题到选项都只围绕某一个点,且不展开,问什么答什么,“点”到为止,问时间就不做地点选项的配置,问地点就不做时间选项的扩展。这类单线诘问试题诘问单一,选项一致,应答相对比较容易。参看下例;


1. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?

A. About 6,800.  B. About 3,400.   C. About 2,400.  D. About 1,200.

2018年全国卷I30

2. How long does Potty about Potter last?2018年全国卷II23

A. Two days.   B. Four days.  C. Five days.  D. One week.

3. How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit to Hall & Gardens?

A. £12.00.   B. £9.00.   C. £8.00.   D. £5.50. 2018年全国卷III22

4. How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?   A. $12.   B. $37.    C. $50.   D. $62 2018年江苏卷,56


所谓多线诘问,究其实质,乃是以检测应试者对众多散布在文本各段中重要信息点的认读与辨析的能力为目的的一种诘问方式。这要求应试者既能再认,又能辨认。选项配置一般呈四向模式,四个点代表了四个可能方向。


1. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? 2018年全国卷I22

A. Meet famous people.            B. Go to a national park.
C. Visit well-known museums.       D. Enjoy interesting stories.

2. Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?

A. The grass–roots level.              B. The business circle.
C. Government officials.              D. University professors.

2014年全国卷II26

3. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ____________. 2018年天津卷,51

A. anxious to do wonders    B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits D. eager to explore the world around them

4. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to ________.

A. fly to space    B. get an Aviation badge first 2018年北京卷,41
C. study the principles of flight    D. build and fire model rockets


一般而论,多线诘问法又可分为肯定性多线诘问和否定性多线诘问两种。


肯定性多线诘问法


肯定性多线诘问法是指试题题干是肯定性陈述或肯定性疑问表述,但四个选项中只有一个是符合文章线索的正确项,另外三个则是不符合文章线索的错误选项。诘问的方法与角度很多,比较有代表性的诘问方法如:Which of the following...is true? 我们研究高考英语全国卷与地方卷中阅读理解试题的诘问方式,可以从中体会命题者的肯定性多线诘问法的一般设计。这需要应试者对四个选项(四个事实细节)做出正确的认读与辨析,否则,就会因误读而误判!一般的设计如下:


1. The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to ___________.2016年全国卷II25

A. know more about the students   B. make the lessons more exciting 
C. raise the students’ interest in art  D. teach the students about toy design

2. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide? 2018年全国卷I23

A. City maps.   B. Cameras.  C. Meals.  D. Safety lights.

3. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to__________.

A. help super intelligent machines work better
B. be secure against evil human beings
C. keep machines from being harmed
D. avoid robots’ affecting the world
2017年北京卷,69

4. Why was the writer attracted by the book Best Loved Poems to Read Again and Again?

A. It was a thick enough book.
B. Something on its cover caught her eye.
C. Her mother was reading it with interest.
D. It had a meaningful title.
2016年上海卷,66


否定性多线诘问法


否定性多线诘问法刚好和肯定性多线诘问法相反,命题者所给出的题干是否定性疑问表述,并希望应试者从所给的四个选项,也就是从四个文章细节中排除三个符合文章线索的选项,选择一个不符合文章线索的选项。


较有代表性的问题设计是:


1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned...?

2. All the following ...EXCEPT..?


对于这种诘问法,应试者一般会出现三种错误。一是审题失误,二是答题失忆,三是正误失判。审题失误反映应试者对EXCEPTNOT没注意或没看清楚或没反应过来!答题失忆则说明应试者在答题过程中,特别是在文中找细节时(重读)忘记了题目的原意!正误失判则表明应试者对正确选项和肯定选项不能很好地或很清楚地区分开来。注意:肯定选项未必是正确选项,正确选项未必是肯定选项。请参看以下问题设计。


1. The British try to solve the problem of queuing by all the following EXCEPT_____.2005年广东卷,70

2. All the following are included in the price of 299 EXCEPT______.2005福建卷,68

3. Which of the following is NOTmentioned in the passage? 2005江西卷,62

4. Which of the following statements is NOTmentioned in the passage?(2005江苏卷,62

5. Which of the following CANNOTbe true according to the passage? 2005上海卷,78

6. Which of the following colours should NOT be used in cells according to the passage? 2006上海卷,70

7. Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?

2006上海卷,77


从测试的角度看,题干采用否定诘问并不是很好的做法,因为没有真正考查到应试者对文本的理解,而是纠结于题干的辨读,导致应试者失误或失判。经过不少有识之士的努力奔走与呼号,我们很庆幸在近年的高考英语阅读理解试题(包括全国卷和地方卷)中已经难觅否定题干试题的踪迹了。


不过,观察域外TOEFL的阅读理解试题的微技能“问题类型”(question types)体系,我们依然可见里面赫然写着:Negative Factual Information questions. 这种question type从形式到内容要比高考英语中的否定题干的覆盖范围似乎更为宽泛。


TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES

 

Basic Information and Inferencing questions

1

Factual information questions 

2

Negative Factual Information questions

3

Inference questions

4

Rhetorical Purpose questions

5

Vocabulary questions

6

Reference questions

7

Sentence Simplification questions

8

Insert Text question

 

Reading to learn questions

1

Prose summary

2

Fill in a Table

       

       总的说来,近年的高考英语在阅读理解的表层理解测试点挖掘方面,尤其是在肯定多线诘问设计中,形式多变,问题角度十分丰富。题干以疑问形式为主,陈述形式为辅。全国卷疑问题干量大,陈述形式相对较少,不足一成。而地方卷陈述题干占到近四成,且较偏好according to paragraph…, according to passage…, or according to author之类。问题引导采用whatwhy居多。


(二)深层理解试题的测试点拓展


高考英语阅读理解试题不仅在表层理解上要求应试者辨读无碍,而且要求对其中的深层理解试题也能举重若轻。深层理解试题既能考查应试者的抽象概括能力,又能考查应试者对全文的驾御能力和逻辑推理能力。深层理解试题主要检测应试者理解文章主旨要义、简单的推理判断、根据上下文推断词义、理解文章结构以及理解作者的意图和态度等五大方面的能力。


文章主旨要义下的精微测试点拓展


文章主旨要义的考查一般有四种诘问角度,即最佳标题、全文主旨、段落要义与断句“取义”四法。


最佳标题法


最佳标题法即直接诘问最佳标题的方法,这要求应试者对全文能进行高度的概括并可通过该标题能回顾文章主题。此类诘问一般全国卷采用得比较多(11道,占比5.64%),而地方卷占比略小(16道,占比3.56%)。例如:


1.     Which of the following can be the best title for the text? (2014年全国卷, 24)

2.     What may be the best title for the text? (2016年全国卷, 35)

3.     Which of the following can be the best title for the text? (2017年全国卷, 31)

4.     What can be a suitable title for the text?  (2018年全国卷, 27)

5.     What is the best title for the text? (2018年全国卷, 35)

6.     What can be a suitable title for the text? (2018年全国卷, 35)

7.     What is the best title for the text?(2018年浙江卷, 27)

8.     Which of the following is the best title of the passage? (2016年上海卷, 77)

9.     What could be the best title of the passage? 2017年天津卷,50


全文主旨法


全文主旨法即诘问文章主题内容的方法,这种试题也要求应试者具备一定的抽象思维能力,并能恰倒好处地把握全文。全国卷3道,占比1.54%,地方卷16道,占比3.56%,高于全国卷比例。例如:


1.     What is the main idea of the text? (2018, 31)

2.     What is the text mainly about? (2018年卷, 27)

3.     What does the story mainly tell us? (2018年北京卷, 39)

4.     What does the passage mainly talk about? (2018年江苏卷, 70)

5.     What is the message the writer wants to convey in the passage? (2015年浙江卷, 60)

6.     What is the passage mainly about? (2017年天津卷, 40)

7.     What is the text mainly about? (2017年浙江卷, 21)


段落要义法


段落要义法即命题者就某一段落诘问应试者以检测应试者对段落要义的把握能力。全国卷3道,占比1.54%;地方卷9道,占比2%,高于全国卷。


1.     What is the purpose of the last part of the text? (2017年卷, 23)

2.     What is the first paragraph mainly about? (2017, 28)

3.     What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph? (2018年卷, 32)

4.     In the film review, what is Paragraph A mainly about? (2015年上海卷, 70)

5.     Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may__________. (2017年北京卷, 67)

6.     What could we learn from the last paragraph? (2018, 45)

7.     What does the last paragraph talk about? (2018年江苏卷, 60)

8.     What is the main idea of the last paragraph? (2016年浙江卷, 53)


断句“取义”法


严格意义上说,断句“取义”法并不能说明考试大纲对应试者主旨大义能力要求的初衷。但由于单句理解也是基于全文的理解,因此,(不那么确切地)只能仍然将这种句子理解放在主旨大义之下了。


1. The sentence “… he even made the honor roll” means that “______”.2004湖北卷,58

2. What can we learn from the underlined sentence? 2006北京卷,61

3. When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you’re advised to __________. (2014年卷, 31)

4. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?  (2015年江苏卷, 68)

5. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “The medium one is the sucker in the pack.” (Paragraph 3) (2015年浙江卷, 56)

6. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3? (2017年卷, 33)


(未完待续)



0

阅读 收藏 喜欢 打印举报/Report
  

新浪BLOG意见反馈留言板 欢迎批评指正

新浪简介 | About Sina | 广告服务 | 联系我们 | 招聘信息 | 网站律师 | SINA English | 产品答疑

新浪公司 版权所有