Mayo Graduate School has a distinguished history of achieving its mission to prepare students for careers as competitive, independent research investigators. The distinctive character of Mayo Clinic's program stems from a core curriculum of courses covering many basic science disciplines. The Ph.D. Program places heavier emphasis on research training than coursework -- a natural outgrowth of Mayo's role as a leading center for investigation in the life sciences.

梅奥研究生院在培养学生有竞争力的职业生涯和独立研究学者方面有着辉煌的历史。梅奥诊所工作系统与众不同的特色源自于覆盖很多基础学科的核心课程。博士课程着重于研究培养超过课程作业，这是梅奥作为一个领先的生命科学研究中心角色的自然附带产物。

Mayo Graduate School offers a Ph.D. degree in biomedical sciences with an emphasis in one of seven areas of specialization:

梅奥研究生院授予生物学领域以下七个专业的博士学位

·         Biochemistry and Molecular Biology（BMB）生物化学和分子生物学

    BMB课程需要完成以下三部分的学习：

  Biochemistry and Structural Biology生物化学和结构生物学

Cell Biology and Genetics细胞生物学和遗传学

 Cancer Biology癌症生物学

    BMB研究的前沿领域包括:

Endocytosis, vesicular and lipid trafficking and protein sorting内吞作用、小泡和脂质运输以及蛋白质的排序

Genetic and epigenetic studies in cancer and monogenic disorders癌症和单基因遗传障碍的基因及表现研究

Protein folding and diseases of abnormal folding蛋白质折叠和异常折叠的疾

Biochemical, cellular and genetic analysis of heart disease心脏疾病的生物化学、细胞和遗传分析

Role of centrosomes and cilia in disease疾病中细胞中心体和纤毛的作用

 Molecular analysis of fibrosis纤维化的分子分析

DNA structure and transcriptional regulation  DNA结构和转录调节

Transcription factors and signaling cascades in cancer癌症转录因子和信号梯级转导

Role of estrogens in osteoporosis and cancer在骨质疏松症和癌症中雌激素的作用

Epithelial biology in disease studies疾病研究中的上皮生物学

 Iron and calcium homeostasis铁和钙的内平衡

 

·         Biomedical Engineering生物医学工程

    The subtracks for the Biomedical Engineering Program are：  生物医学工程课程部分包括:

Biomedical Imaging: image acquisition and analysis using MRI, CT, US, SPECT as well as confocal and atomic force microscopy生物医学成像:图像采集和分析,我们用核磁共振成像、CT、US、SPECT以及激光扫描共焦显微镜、原子力显微镜

Physiology: cellular and molecular physiology to the integration of complex physiological systems生理学:细胞和分子生理整合的复杂生理系统

Molecular Biophysics: structural biology and structure-function relationships分子生物物理学:结构生物学和结构的关系

Biomechanics: cellular and tissue mechanics and engineering to device and instrumentation design to gait analysis and modeling生物力学:细胞和组织工程与力学设备和仪表设计和建模的步态分析

·         Immunology免疫学

    Some current areas of research: 一些前沿的研究领域有:

Molecular basis of immune recognition, cellular activation, lymphocyte differentiation and effector functions免疫识别的分子基础，细胞活化，淋巴细胞分化和效应物功能

Animal models of human diseases (allergy, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, infectious diseases and transplantation)人类疾病的动物模型(过敏、关节炎、癌症、糖尿病、多发性硬化症、重症肌无力、传染性疾病及移植)

Pathophysiology and molecular basis of human disease (allergy, arthritis, autoimmunity, cancer, virus infection and transplantation) 人类疾病(过敏、关节炎、自体免疫疾病、癌症、病毒感染和移植)的病理生理学机制和分子基础

Development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate immune regulatory and effector mechanisms in disease (immunotherapy with antibodies and lymphocytes, gene therapy, immuno-modulation with recombinant and chimeric soluble receptors and ligands)操控免疫控制和疾病效应物机制(淋巴细胞、基因治疗、重组体和嵌合可溶性受体及配基的免疫调节)的免疫治疗策略发展

·         Neurobiology of Disease神经生物学的相关疾病

A sample of the ongoing research in our program includes:,项目正在研究的案例包括:

advanced techniques to non-invasively visualize the central nervous system先进的技术方法非侵入性显现中枢神经系统

antiviral immunity in the central nervous system中枢神经系统的抗病毒免疫

application of novel bioscaffolding materials to spinal cord repair and regeneration脊髓修复和重建新型生物架材料的应用

biophysical properties of amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer disease老年痴呆病的淀粉纤维生物物理性能

   calcium pump defects in hereditary deafness遗传性耳聋的钙泵缺陷

cell biology of neuron function in the enteric nervous system肠道神经系统神经元细胞学

drug development in schizophrenia and depression在精神分裂症和抑郁症的药物开发

dysfunctional neuronal lipid storage and processing in Niemann Pick type C disease C型尼曼皮克病的不正常神经元脂质存储和处理

dysregulation of small GTPases and axonal trafficking in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症的小GTPases和轴突交换失调

dysregulation of Sonic hedgehog signaling in CNS tumor formation中枢神经系统肿瘤形成的声音发射失调

genetic basis of demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis多发性硬化症脱髓鞘和髓鞘修复的基因基础

genetic suppression of neuronal hyperexcitabilty and epilepsyhy癫痫症和神经元过度兴奋的基因抑制

high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of neural systems神经系统的核磁共振高分辨率光谱

 immune-mediated axonal injury in the demyelinated CNS中枢神经系统脱髓鞘轴突伤害的免疫调节

  immunogenetics of experimental autoimmune encephalitis实验性自身免疫性脑炎的免疫遗传学

 inflammatory basis of seizure induction during viral encephalitis获取病毒性脑炎感应的炎性基础

 magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in small animal models of neural injury小动物模型神经损伤的磁共振成像和光谱技术

mechanisms of respiratory control呼吸控制机制

  mechanisms underlying axon guidance and regeneration潜在的轴突导向和再生的机制

mitochondrial dysfunction in Freidreich ataxia  Freidreich共济失调的线粒体功能障碍

 modulation of adenosine transporters to control alcohol addiction调制腺苷转运蛋白来控制酒精成瘾症

molecular mechanisms of paraneoplastic autoimmunity against CNS antigens中枢神经系统癌旁自体免疫疾病的分子机制

 molecular mechanisms of sleep dysregulation睡眠失调的分子机制

neurogenetics of brain tumors 大脑肿瘤的神经遗传学

neurogenetics of movement disorders运动障碍的神经遗传学

neuropathologic basis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease神经变性疾病(如帕金森病)的神经病理学基础

  neurotransmitter receptor structure：function analysis神经递质受体结构:功能分析

neurotrophin-mediated modulation of neuromuscular transmissionneurotrophin-mediated调制的神经肌肉接头传导

noninvasive imaging of the CNS via magnetic resonance elastography通过磁共振弹性图的中枢神经系统无损伤成像

novel imaging tools for the detection of plaques in Alzheimer disease应用于老年痴呆病的斑块检测新显像工具

 pharmacogenetics of neurotransmitter modulating drugs神经递质调制药物的遗传药理学

 proteolytic cascades in multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury pathogenesis and repair在多发性硬化症和脊髓损伤的发病机制及修理中的蛋白水解梯级

rational design of cocaine-hydrolyzing cholinesterases 水溶性可卡因胆碱酯酶的合理设计

receptor trafficking and internalization in neurons在神经元的受体运输和内部化

small molecule library screening for Alzheimer disease drug leads老年痴呆病药物引导的小分子库屏蔽

 therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis多发性硬化症促进髓鞘修复的治疗策略

·         Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics分子药理学和试验性疗法

independent graduate student research project will be a key component of these research programs, which include the areas of独立的研究生研究工作将这些研究项目的一个关键组成部分，包括以下领域:

Cancer Biology and Therapeutics癌症生物学和疗法
Be a part of the discovery of the molecular underpinnings that drive cancer and new approaches to curing cancer.这一发现的一个部分的分子基础驱动癌症和治疗癌症的新方法。

Regenerative Medicine再生医学
Research how to program, or reprogram, human cells to regenerate organs and treat disease.研究如何编写程序，或重新编程和人类细胞，以便再生器官和治疗疾病。

Pharmacogenomics and Genetics 药物遗传学和基因学

Use cutting-edge genetic technologies to discover, at the molecular and genetic levels, why humans have vastly different responses to drugs.应用尖端基因技术，在分子和基因水平,揭示为什么人类已对药物反应截然不同。

Drug Discovery药物发现
Use supercomputers and chemistry to discover and develop mechanism-based drugs.用超级计算机和化学的发现和发展结构学基础药物。

 Neurobiology and Genetics of Addiction成瘾的神经生物学和遗传学
Ever wonder how genetics affect addictive behavior? 想知道遗传学影响上瘾的行为吗?Mayo has several innovative studies underway. 梅奥有几个创新研究开幕了。

 Cardiovascular Biology and Therapeutics生物学和治疗心血管
Identify the molecular mechanisms and genetic defects that contribute to heart disease and develop improved therapies.识别导致心脏疾病的分子机制和遗传缺陷和改进治疗方案。

·         Virology and Gene Therapy病毒学和基因治疗

Some current areas of research:一些前沿的研究领域:

Molecular mechanism of viral replication病毒复制的分子机制

 Virus-cell interactions 病毒细胞的相互作用

Viral pathology and immunopathology 病毒病理学和免疫病理学

Virotherapy and immune-based therapies for cancer恶性肿瘤的溶毒和免疫基础治疗

Targeted viral vectors靶向病毒载体

Gene therapy of cardiovascular diseases心血管疾病的基因治疗

 Gene therapy of hematological malignancies血液恶性肿瘤的基因治疗

Xenotransplantation 异种器官移植

·         Clinical and Translational Science（CTS）临床和转化科学

The CTS Program allows students to personalize their studies in one of three concentrations: CTS项目允许学生在一下三种不同领域选择个性化专业：

Population-based translational science基于人群的转化科学

Patient-based translational science基于患者的转化科学  

Laboratory-based translational science基于试验室的转化科学