1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。

The sun rises in the east （名词）     He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)   Seeing is believing. （动名词）

To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。

We study English.         He is asleep.

(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don't like the picture on the wall.  A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus?  A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?  A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast

3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

   He is a teacher.  （名词）      Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）

Five and five is ten. （数词）    He is asleep.  （形容词）

His father is in.（副词）        The picture is on the wall.   (介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost.  （形容词化的分词）

The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）

（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）……

 It sounds a good idea.              The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet.            Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious.          The food tastes good.

The door remains open.             Now I feel tired.

 (三) 挑出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired.   ② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow.       ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：

I like China. （名词）    He hates you. （代词）

How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）

I hope to see you again. （不定式）    Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）

    2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake?        Under the snow, there are many rocks.

    3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday.       Give the poor man some money.

(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework.

② People all over the world speak English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We elected him monitor.  （名词）   We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词）

We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )

Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）

Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.

② He asked her to take the boy out of school.

③ She found it difficult to do the work.

④ They call me Lily sometimes.

⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.

⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?

6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）

I have an idea to do it well.（不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

(六) 挑出下列句中的定语

① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.

② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.

④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.

⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）

I will go there tomorrow.       The meeting will be held in the meeting room.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather.      He studies hard to learn English well.

He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.    I like some of you very much.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam.          He goes to school by bike.

Though he is young, he can do it well.

 (七) 挑出下列句中的状语

① There was a big smile on her face.

② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.

③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.

④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.

⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.

 (八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语

① Please tell us a story.

② My father bought a new bike for me last week.

③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.

④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.

⑤ Did he leave any message for me?

参 考 答 案

(一) ① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do

(二) ① B ② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C

(三) ① tired  ② worried  ③ yellow  ④ interested  ⑤ first

(四) ① his homework  ② English  ③ your pronunciation  ④ new words  ⑤ to go swimming

(五) ① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room  ② to take the boy out of school

     ③ Lily  ④ get on the bus  ⑤ playing football on the playground

(六) ① family  ② given  ③ third  ④ some  ⑤ downstairs

(七) ① on the face  ② Every night  ③ when he was eleven  ④ fast  ⑤ off

(八) ① us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语    ② me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语

     ③ us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语    ④ Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语

     ⑤ me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语

 

 

【强化练习，体会英语句子的成分构成】

判断下列各句的主语的位置及性质：

1)        Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.

2)        He is very strict.

3)        What they want is money.

4)        Even a child can do it.

5)        It is kind of you to say you like it.

6)        It is still a question whether she will join us.

7)        1000 miles is a long distance.

8)        It is no use asking her advice.

9)        The milk remains fresh for a week.

10)        To take care of so many children is not an easy job.

通过判断下列被动语态句的时态，了解英语中谓语动词的千变万化

1)        Cars are seen everywhere in cities.

2)        The work was finally finished.

3)        Mary will be invited to dinner tonight.

4)        The window has been broken.

5)        The classroom is being cleaned by the students.

6)        The house had been repaired before he came back.

7)        He said that no water would be brought to the river if there was no rain.

8)        The program was being broadcasted when he cooked.

判断下列各句的宾语及性质：

1)        I plan to climb mountain tomorrow.

2)        We know that a parrot can’t really talk.

3)        Do you like playing chess?

4)        She asked the teacher why some words were hard to remember.

5)        She hated to move again.

6)        Now you can understand why I am angry.

7)        Man’s dream of flying in space has come true.

8)        Insurance reminds us that we live in an unsafe world.

9)        I remember seeing her once somewhere.

10)        She left without saying goodbye to us.

判断下列各句的宾语补足语及性质：

1)        I should advise you not to miss the chance.

2)        I could feel my heart beating fast.

3)        The doctor advised me to get plenty of exercise.

4)        They considered her above others.

5)        They have elected him president.

6)        They smelled the material burning.

7)        You must get everything ready before six.

8)        He advised the young man to give up smoking.

9)        New technology would make an office better organized.

10)        The president appointed Mr. Baker medical advisor.

判断下列各句的定语及性质：

1)        We all get up early so as to catch the first bus.

2)        He asked us to join his company.

3)        His attempt to solve the difficult problem failed again.

4)        Do you know the man who wrote the article?

5)        Tom’s brother is working in a large company.

6)        Only boy students can lift the heavy box.

7)        She showed me the easiest way to do it.

8)        The students studying in the school are young people.

9)        This is the laboratory set up by the students themselves.

10)        We don’t know the exact time when they will return.

判断下列各句的状语及性质：

1)        Read as much as you can in the new language.

2)        Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.

3)        Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.

4)        When they guess wrong, they guess again.

5)        We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.

6)        Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area.

7)        In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite, television signals are first changed into radio waves.

8)        Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend, leaving the family $442 richer.

9)        Garage sales have become suburban social events, drawing people of all ages.

10)        To define a word, the dictionary editor places the cards before him.

【巩固练习】试着判断下列各句中的定语、状语、补语和表语成分

1)        Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.

2)        When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.

3)        You wouldn't believe the stuff people will buy.

4)        The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful.

5)        Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year.

6)        Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.

7)        With manners, the best rule is the one that works.

8)        Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.

9)        The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world.

10)        It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches.

【主语练习解析】

1)        主语是动名词短语Reading aloud；

2)        主语是代词He；

3)        主语是主语从句What they want；

4)        主语是名词a child；

5)        it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to say you like it；

6)        it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句whether she will join us；

7)        主语是数词1000 miles；

8)        it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语asking her advice；

9)        主语是名词The milk；

10)        主语是不定式To take care of so many children。

【谓语练习解析】

判断被动语态句的时态主要以助动词be的变化为依据。因此：

1句中are说明本句是一般现在时；

2句中was说明本句是一般过去时；

3句中will be说明本句是一般将来时；

4句中has been说明本句是现在完成时；

5句中is being说明本句是现在进行时；

6句中had been说明本句是过去完成时；

7句中would be说明本句是过去将来时；

8句中was being说明本句是过去进行时。

【宾语练习解析】

1)        本句谓语动词plan的宾语为动词不定式短语to climb mountain tomorrow；而在动词不定式短语中名词mountain是及物动词climb的宾语。

2)        本句谓语动词know的宾语为从句that a parrot can’t really talk。

3)        本句谓语动词like的宾语为动名词短语playing chess。

4)        本句谓语动词ask的宾语为双宾语，名词短语the teacher是间接宾语，从句why some words were hard to remember是直接宾语。

5)        本句谓语动词hate的宾语为动词不定式短语to move again。

6)        本句谓语动词understand的宾语为从句why I am angry。

7)        本句中，动名词短语flying in space是介词of的宾语，它与of构成介词短语作名词dream的后置定语。另外，在动名词短语中，名词space是介词in的宾语。

8)        本句谓语动词remind的宾语为双宾语，代词us是间接宾语，从句that we live in an unsafe world是直接宾语。在宾语从句中，名词短语an unsafe world是介词in的宾语。

9)        本句谓语动词remember的宾语为动名词短语seeing her once somewhere；动名词短语中，代词her是及物动词see的宾语。

10)        本句中，动名词短语saying goodbye to us是介词without的宾语；而动名词短语中，goodbye是动词say的宾语，代词us是介词to的宾语。

【宾语补足语练习解析】

1)        本句中的宾语补足语为not to miss the chance，动词不定式的否定形式。宾语“you”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“你不要错过机会”。

2)        本句为现在分词短语beating fast作宾语补足语。宾语“my heart”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我的心跳得很快”。

3)        本句中的宾语补足语为动词不定式to get plenty of exercise，宾语“me”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我要多锻炼”。

4)        本句为介词短语above others作宾语补足语。宾语“her”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“她在别人之上”。

5)        本句为名词president作宾语补足语。宾语“him”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“他当总统（或校长）”。

6)        本句为现在分词burning作宾语补足语。宾语“the material”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“材料烧着了”。

7)        本句为形容词短语ready before six作宾语补足语。宾语“everything”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“每件事在六点之前都准备好”。

8)        本句中的宾语补足语为动词不定式to give up smoking，宾语“the young man”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“这个年轻人戒烟”。

9)        本句为过去分词短语better organized作宾语补足语。宾语“an office”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“办公室被组织得更好”。

10)        本句为名词medical advisor作宾语补足语。宾语“Mr. Baker”和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，即“贝克先生当医学顾问”。

【定语练习解析】

1)        本句中bus的定语为序数词the first，意为“第一辆公共汽车”。

2)        本句中company的定语为形容词性的物主代词his，意为“他的公司”。

3)        本句中attempt的定语为形容词性的物主代词his和动词不定式to solve the difficult problem，意为“他解决这一难题的企图”；problem的定语为形容词difficult，意为“难题”。

4)        本句中man的定语为定语从句who wrote the article，意为“写文章的人”。

5)        本句中brother的定语为名词所有格Tom’s，意为“汤姆的兄弟”；company的定语为形容词large，意为“大公司”。

6)        本句中students的定语为名词boy，意为“男学生”；box的定语为形容词heavy，意为“重盒子”。

7)        本句中way的定语为形容词的最高级the easiest和动词不定式to do it，意为“做这件事最容易的方法”。

8)        本句中students的定语为现在分词短语studying in the school，意为“在这所学校学习的学生”；people的定语为young，意为“年青人”。

9)        本句中laboratory的定语为过去分词短语set up by the students themselves，意为“学生自己建立的实验室”。

10)        本句中time的定语为形容词exact和定语从句when they will return，意为“他们回来的准确时间”。

【状语练习解析】

1)        本句状语为比较状语从句as much as you can in the new language，本句译文：“用新语言尽可能地多读。”

2)        本句状语为介词短语in many ways，本句译文：“语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在很多方面类似。”

3)        本句状语为介词短语instead of waiting for the teacher to explain，本句译文：“不等老师解释，他们自己试着寻找规则。”

4)        本句状语为时间状语从句when they guess wrong本句译文：“他们猜错的时候，就再猜一遍。”

5)        本句状语为结果状语从句such … that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller，本句译文：“我们现在有着如此快捷的旅行方式以至于这么大的海洋看起来好像已经变小了。”

6)        本句状语为副词traditionally和介词短语in the same area，本句译文：“根据传统，大家庭中的所有成员都住在同一地区。”

7)        本句状语为动词不定式短语in order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite做目的状语，本句译文：“为了通过卫星转播像奥运会这样的事件，电视信号先被转换成无线电波。”

8)        本句状语为现在分词短语leaving the family $442 richer做结果状语，本句译文：“热心的买主一个周末买走了几乎所有的东西，只剩下50件，使这家人多了442美元的收入。”

9)        本句状语为现在分词短语drawing people of all ages做伴随状语，本句译文：“车库展卖已经成为郊区的一种社交活动，吸引着各种年龄层次的人。”

10)        本句状语为动词不定式短语to define a word做目的状语和介词短语before him，本句译文：“为了给一个单词下定义，字典的编辑把很多卡片放到面前。”

【巩固练习】答案

判断下列各句的句子成分（划分句子成分时采用了如下的符号：定语（），状语[ ]，表语和宾语补足语< >。）

1)        Some people (who are very intelligent and successful in their fields) find it <difficult> to succeed in language learning. （it为形式宾语，to succeed in language learning为真正的宾语。）

2)        [When communication is difficult], they can accept information (that is inexact or incomplete).

3)        You wouldn't believe the stuff (people will buy).

4)        The variety of things (put up for sale) is <really wonderful>.

5)        Health insurance (that pays for modern medical miracles) [often] costs Americans [as much as $2,000 every year].

6)        (These) (three) reasons (for not discussing insurance) provide (three) (excellent) reasons (why we should learn more about it).

7)        [With manners], (the best) rule is <the one (that works) >.

8)        [Given the amount of time that children watch television], it has become <(one of the most powerful) models (they want to follow)>.

9)        The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play [in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world].

10)        It is <a good idea> [for parents] to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches.（it为形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式短语）