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好东西:<语言学教程>课后名词解释题答案(上)
(2007-08-01 21:34:26)
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分类： 英语日语 |
英语专业学生的宝贝:
胡壮麟<语言学教程>课后名词解释题答案
Define the following terms:
1.
design feature:are features that define our
human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural
transmission,etc.
2.
function: the use of language tocommunicate,to
think ,etc.Language functions inclucle imformative
function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal
function,performative function,emotive function,phatic
communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3.
etic: a term in contrast with emic which
originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics
and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as
behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the
case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics
proper.
4.
emic: a term in contrast with etic which
originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics
and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one
that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native
members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the
investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.
5.
synchronic: a kind of description which takes a
fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point
of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
6.
diachronic:study of a language is carried
through the course of its history.
7.
prescriptive: the study of a language is carried
through the course of its history.
8.
prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in
which things are prescribed how ought to be,i.e.laying down rules
for language use.
9.
descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which
things are just described.
10.
arbitrariness: one design feature of human
language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic
signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11.
duality: one design feature of human
language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are
composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two
levels has its own principles of organization.
12.
displacement: one design feature of human
language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize
objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and
space,at the moment of communication.
13.
phatic communion: one function of human
language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
14.
metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs
or terms for the analysis and description of particular
studies.
15.
macrolinguistics: he interacting study between
language and language-related disciplines such as
psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial
intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include
psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,
anthropological linguistics,et
16.
competence: language user’s underlying
knowledge about the system of rules.
17.
performance: the actual use of language in
concrete situation.
18.
langue: the linguistic competence of the
speaker.
19.
parole: the actual phenomena or data of
linguistics(utterances).
20．
Articulatory phonetics: the study of production
of speechsounds.
21．
Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in
which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are
involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory
coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
22．
Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or
a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.
23．
Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a
simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad
transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription
is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific
symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow
transcription.
24．
Consonant: are sound segments produced by
constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to
divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral
cavity.
25．
Phoneme: the abstract element of sound,
identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
26．
Allophone:any of the different forms of a
phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When
/t/occurs in words like step,it is
unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of
the phoneme/t/.
27．
Vowl:are sound segments produced without such
obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be
perceived.
28．
Manner of articulation; in the production of
consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship
between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes
through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29．
Place of articulation: in the production of
consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract
there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30．
Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a
property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
31．
Complementary distribution: the relation between
tow speech sounds that never occur in the same
environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in
complementary distribution.
32．
IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic
Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association
in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a
comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman
small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek
letters,diacritics,etc.
33．
Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those
aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The
principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and
intonation.
34．
Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve
more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental
features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35.
morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms
of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot
be divided into further small units without destroying or
drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or
grammatical.
36.
compoundhttp://image.bbs.kaoyan.com:81/smilies/tongue.gifoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free
morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37.
inflection: the manifestation of grammatical
relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as
number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the
grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38.
affix: the collective term for the type of
formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the
root or stem).
39.
derivation: different from compounds,derivation
shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40.
root: the base from of a word that cannot
further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
41.
allomorph:; any of the different form of a
morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is
pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/
in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs
of the plural morpheme.
42.
Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes
to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43.
bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is
structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural
morpheme in “dog’s”.
44.
free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes
the form of an independent word.
45.
lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the
form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)
46.
lexicon: a list of all the words in a language
assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic
interpretation.
47.
grammatical word: word expressing grammatical
meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.
48.
lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that
is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as
nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49.
open-class: a word whose membership is in
principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and
many adverbs.
50.
blending: a relatively complex form of
compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial
part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by
joining the initial parts of the two words.
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