加载中…IRONY
(2011-11-15 08:16:45)
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IRONY
AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
BY J.A.K.THOMSON
LONDON,1926
P 242
(RT15-29,NOV,2011)
I
AN HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
BY J.A.K.THOMSON
LONDON,1926
(RT15-29,NOV,2011)
I
IRONY, which is a criticism of life, is as hard
to define as poetry. On the other hand,it is perhaps no harder to
recognize. p 1
Greeks,with whom Irony may be said to have begun...not only the literature of the Hellenes（古希腊人） but their whole attitude to life is touched with Irony. p 2
Since the word Eiron is of popular origin...the 'Ironical Man' himself, is presumably a type evolved among the people...the Ironical Man to his beginnings...not the remote and fastidious(过分挑剔的) Intellectual, but sb far more elemental(强大的), simple, grotesque（怪诞的） and pitiful. ---P 4-5
Normally it (comedy)presents an Agon or Contest between 2 types of character, the Alazon or Impostor and the Eiron. The Impostor comes on the scene with loud vauntings and pretentions, but is finally routed by the Ironical Man, who proves to be no such fool as he sometimes affects to be...Let us consider this Eiron.
....Eiron and Alazon are correlative terms...The Alazon prefesses to be sth more, teh Eiron to be sth less. As Cicero (西塞多)puts it, the former simulates（假装，模仿）, the latter disdimulates.
----p10
For these fables, called of Aesop, reflect the popular philosophy of life, and they are saturated (浸透)in Irony. ---P 12
Fables are apt to appear cynical(怀疑的). ---P 13
"poety makes the common as if it were not common"---Shelly
Greeks,with whom Irony may be said to have begun...not only the literature of the Hellenes（古希腊人） but their whole attitude to life is touched with Irony. p 2
II
The word Eironeia is not
found in any early writer,and even Eiron,from
which it is derived, occurs first in Aristophanes,who uses it of
one versed in every kind of unscrupulous trickery. A later writer
of Comedy,Philemon, has it of a fox,contrasting it with another
epithet which means 'straightforward'...One discovers from Ribbeck
that the word Eiron
came into literature through Comedy, having perhaps been introduced
by Cratinus, a predecessor of Aristophanes, and that it meant at
first 'cunning', 'wily', 'sly'...The case of Plato is somewhat
extraordinary. He has nowhere discussed the full meaning and nature
of Irony...he is in a
sense the creator as he remains perhaps the greatest master. ---- p
3--4 Since the word Eiron is of popular origin...the 'Ironical Man' himself, is presumably a type evolved among the people...the Ironical Man to his beginnings...not the remote and fastidious(过分挑剔的) Intellectual, but sb far more elemental(强大的), simple, grotesque（怪诞的） and pitiful. ---P 4-5
Normally it (comedy)presents an Agon or Contest between 2 types of character, the Alazon or Impostor and the Eiron. The Impostor comes on the scene with loud vauntings and pretentions, but is finally routed by the Ironical Man, who proves to be no such fool as he sometimes affects to be...Let us consider this Eiron.
....Eiron and Alazon are correlative terms...The Alazon prefesses to be sth more, teh Eiron to be sth less. As Cicero (西塞多)puts it, the former simulates（假装，模仿）, the latter disdimulates.
For these fables, called of Aesop, reflect the popular philosophy of life, and they are saturated (浸透)in Irony. ---P 12
Fables are apt to appear cynical(怀疑的). ---P 13
"poety makes the common as if it were not common"---Shelly
III
We have in
the plays of Aristophanes the 1st great development surviving to us
of the humorous aspect of Irony.It is hardly Irony in the modern sense--it is
too boisterous(喧闹的) and elemental for that-- but it is
Irony all the
same...The Old Comedy is like nothing else except its
imitations.This affects the nature of its Irony.---P 17
proverb: An old man's a child again. ---P31
proverb: An old man's a child again.
IV
Mr.F.M.CORNFORD,whose book on the Origin of Greek Comedy is full of
illumination on this subject, has shown that the Alazoneia of
Comedy is but another aspect of what in Tragedy is call
Hubris(骄傲自大).
－－－P35
There is a thing traditionally called 'Sophoclean Irony'(索福克勒斯). It is the device, often strikingly effective,which puts in the mouth of a character language whose full significance is not perceived by himself but only by his hearers, who konw, as he does not,the doom that awaits him.---P 35
a Greek tragedy is all Ironical; it is Ironical in its very nature.---P 35
But the method of the modern dramatist is to engage the interest of the house by a continual shock of the unexpected. It sets one asking "What will happen?"not, as the other method , the method of the Greeks, "When will it happen?". And the difference is radical(基本的). ---P
37-38
There is a thing traditionally called 'Sophoclean Irony'(索福克勒斯). It is the device, often strikingly effective,which puts in the mouth of a character language whose full significance is not perceived by himself but only by his hearers, who konw, as he does not,the doom that awaits him.---P 35
a Greek tragedy is all Ironical; it is Ironical in its very nature.---P 35
But the method of the modern dramatist is to engage the interest of the house by a continual shock of the unexpected. It sets one asking "What will happen?"not, as the other method , the method of the Greeks, "When will it happen?". And the difference is radical(基本的).
V
We may
consider the Agamemmon,
for it is typical.No one but
Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯) could have
written it,...It were best simply to read the piece through,
nothing in very speech, sometimes in every line,sometimes in every
word,the interchange,shadow and light,of the unknown and the
know,making Irony.-----P
39
Clytemnestra(克吕泰涅斯特拉),the wife of Agamemnon.
old saying:good fortune breeds misery.
Enough, I hope,has been said to illustrate the method of Aeschylus, the true inventor of Tragedy. What, then, in brief is this method? Is it not, by playing at every point, by every art, upon the contrast between the knowledge of the spectator and the ignorance of the agonists, to drive home the Irony of the situation?---P 53
Clytemnestra(克吕泰涅斯特拉),the wife of Agamemnon.
old saying:good fortune breeds misery.
Enough, I hope,has been said to illustrate the method of Aeschylus, the true inventor of Tragedy. What, then, in brief is this method? Is it not, by playing at every point, by every art, upon the contrast between the knowledge of the spectator and the ignorance of the agonists, to drive home the Irony of the situation?---P 53
VI
Oedipus
Laius(拉伊俄斯) Iocasta(伊俄卡斯特)
The main interest of the Oedipus, apart from its poetry, lies in what Aristotle calls ethopoiia,the representation of character. ---P 58
This Irony...is "the mood of one who has some strong emotion within but will not quite trust himself on the flood of it."---G.Murray,Euripides and his Age, P.126
The deeper the feeling which it masks the more itself is the Irony. ---P 76
Aeschylus,whether he intended it or not,has made the Greek victory more glorious by showing of what fineness and energy the East was capable. But Euripides has made the victory over Troy appear a mean thing. --- p 79
That is one example of the new spirit in Euripides...The Ion has already been mentioned.It is a singular play in many ways,but we need not add to its singularities by supposing, as some have done, that the tale which it dramatizes is the invention of the poet. ---P 80
There is only one art by which the old and familiar will never fail to thrill--- the art of Irony.---P 112
To read Homer is a voyage of discovery. ---P 113
The main interest of the Oedipus, apart from its poetry, lies in what Aristotle calls ethopoiia,the representation of character. ---P 58
VII
Euripides(欧里庇得斯)
is Ironic in the modern
sense. ---p76This Irony...is "the mood of one who has some strong emotion within but will not quite trust himself on the flood of it."---G.Murray,Euripides and his Age, P.126
The deeper the feeling which it masks the more itself is the Irony. ---P 76
Aeschylus,whether he intended it or not,has made the Greek victory more glorious by showing of what fineness and energy the East was capable. But Euripides has made the victory over Troy appear a mean thing. --- p 79
That is one example of the new spirit in Euripides...The Ion has already been mentioned.It is a singular play in many ways,but we need not add to its singularities by supposing, as some have done, that the tale which it dramatizes is the invention of the poet. ---P 80
VIII
Iliad is a true tragedy, as Aristotle
saw, and full of the Tragic
Irony. ---P 105There is only one art by which the old and familiar will never fail to thrill--- the art of Irony.---P 112
To read Homer is a voyage of discovery. ---P 113
IX
Herodotus
(希罗多德),Father of History.He becomes a great traveller,and travel is
said to open mind. --P 117
It is not merely for the purposes of his occasional stories that Herodotus accepts the view of life which I have called Ironic because it naturally leads to the sense of Irony in human affairs. ---P 126
So his(Herodotus) book is,in the old sense, Ironical in conception, just as the Agamemnon or the Oedipus is Ironical. ---P 128
To be tragic in the Greek sense it is not in the least necessary to be sombre. The fail of greatness is awful,but it is sometimes witnessed with an awful joy.--P 134
It is not merely for the purposes of his occasional stories that Herodotus accepts the view of life which I have called Ironic because it naturally leads to the sense of Irony in human affairs. ---P 126
So his(Herodotus) book is,in the old sense, Ironical in conception, just as the Agamemnon or the Oedipus is Ironical. ---P 128
To be tragic in the Greek sense it is not in the least necessary to be sombre. The fail of greatness is awful,but it is sometimes witnessed with an awful joy.--P 134
X
Anaxagoras(阿那克萨哥拉,绘制第一张全球地图的人)explaining
that the moon was not a goddess,but simply an enormous stone.
the Irony of Thucydides---Tragic Irony
the Irony of Thucydides---Tragic Irony
XI
Irony to them was still the quality of the Eiron,the foxy fellow, the 'canny' man, the player who did not put all his cards on the table. Such a one would ask people cunning questions, but would take care never to answer any himself. ---166
IRONY:the quality of the
Eiron. He began
as the man who lies low beneath the jealous watch of the gods in
contrast with the Alazon who challenges it.---P
163
A better metaphor would be to call Irony the trembling equipoise(平衡) between jest(笑话) and earnest.---P 166
A better metaphor would be to call Irony the trembling equipoise(平衡) between jest(笑话) and earnest.---P 166
Irony to them was still the quality of the Eiron,the foxy fellow, the 'canny' man, the player who did not put all his cards on the table. Such a one would ask people cunning questions, but would take care never to answer any himself. ---166
The
old Irony of the tragic or comic reversal of fortune they perfectly
appreciated.---P 168
Socrates was the first to be, in our sense, systematically Ironical.---P168
The Platonic Dialogues must be regarded as akin(接近) to Mime(哑剧).－－－P 169
Socrates was not the first to use Irony, but he was the first to give it this peculiarly modern quality. Irony in the modern sense dates mainly from him. ---P 173
a tradition in Comedy of bringing a philosopher on the stage mouthing learned nonsense.---P181
Emotion tempered by common sense, common sense transfigured by emotion--that will serve equally well as a rough definition of Irony and a rough description of Socrates' attitude to the problems he discussed. ---P 183
logic is not everything to the Ironist.--P 187
the Comic and the Tragic Irony are but different faces of the same thing. ---P 188
The Irony of Plato naturally takes the tone of the society in which it operates.- p189
the light treatment of serious subjects was first brought effectively into European prose by Lucian. ---P 212
His (Lucian)rediscovery was one of the events of the Renaissance, for it meant in great measure the rediscovery of Irony. ---P 212
Irony no doubt is to be found in him(Cicero),both grave and light. But it is rhetorical Irony.---P 216
Irony suggests by reservation.---P 216
it is Mr. Hardy rather than Lucretius who is in the tradition of the old Tragic Irony.---P218
Consciously or not, he (Lucretius)made Irony cosmic.---P 219
Socrates was the first to be, in our sense, systematically Ironical.---P168
The Platonic Dialogues must be regarded as akin(接近) to Mime(哑剧).－－－P 169
Socrates was not the first to use Irony, but he was the first to give it this peculiarly modern quality. Irony in the modern sense dates mainly from him.
a tradition in Comedy of bringing a philosopher on the stage mouthing learned nonsense.---P181
Emotion tempered by common sense, common sense transfigured by emotion--that will serve equally well as a rough definition of Irony and a rough description of Socrates' attitude to the problems he discussed. ---P 183
logic is not everything to the Ironist.--P 187
the Comic and the Tragic Irony are but different faces of the same thing. ---P 188
The Irony of Plato naturally takes the tone of the society in which it operates.- p189
XII
this kind of Irony, revived in Lucian.--P
197the light treatment of serious subjects was first brought effectively into European prose by Lucian. ---P 212
His (Lucian)rediscovery was one of the events of the Renaissance, for it meant in great measure the rediscovery of Irony. ---P 212
XIII
Of Greek Irony the history is clear down to
Lucian, and owes nothing to foreign influence. ---P 214Irony no doubt is to be found in him(Cicero),both grave and light. But it is rhetorical Irony.---P 216
Irony suggests by reservation.---P 216
it is Mr. Hardy rather than Lucretius who is in the tradition of the old Tragic Irony.---P218
Consciously or not, he (Lucretius)made Irony cosmic.---P 219
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