Part 7  prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19^th century

Chapter 1  Thomas Carlyle

He was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University

He is a literary critic

Sartor Resartus

The French Revolution

Heroes and Hero-Worship

Past and Present

 

Chapter 2  Ruskin and some other prose-writers

1 John Ruskin

He is a critic. Art criticism and social criticism

He is a social thinker and a master of English. His prescription for the contemporary social problems was faulty, but he sincerely sympathized with the people and exposed with holy wrath the evils

Modern Painters

2 Matthew Arnold

3 Macaulay

 

Chapter 3  Alfred Tennyson1809~1892

（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）

Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）

① < In Memoriam>悼念

     To memorialize his friend

② < Break, Break, Break>冲击、冲击、冲击

③ < Idylls of the King>国王叙事诗

 

Chapter 4   Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889 

A follower of Shelley

       ① < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人

       ② < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外乡思

    ③  Pippa Passes

Elizabeth Barrett Browing:

① <Sonnet from the Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行诗

He introduced to English poetry a new form ,the dramatic monologue

He has been praised as a "a genius in courageous and high- hearted figure", well-known for buoyant optimism.

 

Chapter 5  the Rossettis and Swinburne

1 Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Poem: The Blessed Damozel

2 Christina Georgina Rossetti

 Poem: Goblin Market

3 Fitzgerald's Rubaiyat

4 Algernon Charles Swinburne

 

Chapter 6  William Morris

Poet, artist, socialist

Poem:

The Defence of Guenvere

The Life and Death of Jason

The Early Paradise

Sigurd the Volsung

The aim of his works is to bring beauty into the life of his countrymen

Prose:

A Dream of Jhon Ball

News from Nowhere

 

Chapter 7  literary trens at the end of the century

1 naturalism:

     Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Euope. According to the naturalism, literature must be ture to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. They usually write about the life of the poor and oppressed, or the slum life, they can oly represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life.

George Gissing,: <New Crub Street>

2 neo-romanticism

Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions. They laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. They led the novel back towards stiry-telling and to romance.

Robert  Louis Stevenson  <Treasure Island>金银岛

3 aestheticism

Art for sake. Art should serve no religious, moral or social ens, nor any end except itself.

Walter Pater:< Studies in the History of the Renaissance> later called The Renaissance

Hte "Conclusion" of the The Renaissance is acrystallization of his faith in the pursuit pf beauty as the sole "success of life".

Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900 

（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake） 

① 4  Comedies:

<The Importance Of Being Earnest>认真的重要 

<Lady Windermere’s Fan>温德米尔夫人的扇子 

<A Woman Of No Importance>一个无足轻重的女人

<An Ideal Husband>理想的丈夫

② Novel:

<The Picture Of Dorian Gray>多利安•格雷的画像

③ Fairy Stories:

<The Happy Prince And Other Tales>快乐王子故事集

 

Part 8 20^th century English literature

Chapter 1 the new century: social and historical background

1911-1914  three great strikes

The colonial division of the world by the capital powers had been completed by the end of 19

WWI1914-1918

1929, economic crisis broke out

1930s, were called Red Decade

 

Chapter 2  English novel of early 20^th century

1 the realist

 They sought for new ways and means of revealing the truth of life.

 Samuel Bulter, George Meredith, Herbert George Wells

2 Rudyard Kipling

 "the bard of imperialism"

 诗集：Barrak Room Ballad营房诗集;The Seven Seas七海;Recession and Other Poems赞美诗及其他;The Five Nations五国

长篇小说：Kim基姆;Captain Courageous勇敢的船长

短篇小说：Plain Tales from the Hills;Soldiers There;The Story of the Gadsby;Life Handcap生命的阻力;The Jungle Book;The Second Jungle Book林莽之书;The Lost Legion

Arnold Bennett:

 The Old Wive's Tale

Joseph Concrad

①<Lord Jim>吉姆爷

②<Heart Of Darkness>黑暗的心

1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkness?

The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart.

2.What is the symbolism of black and white

【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized

Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.

According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.

According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.

【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.

Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This  contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.

White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt

 3.Comment

The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.

Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once  "one of the darker places of the earth" before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.

This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off  the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.

4.Character

【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment.

【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating  jungle.

5.Narrative Structure

In Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story.

Henry James:

Daisy Miller 

The portrait of a Lady 

The Wings of the Dove 

The ambassadors 

The Golden Bowl

Katerrine Mansfield:

In a German Pension

Bliss

The Garden Party

 

Chapter 3  Thomas Hardy哈代1840-1928    

Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;

Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;

The Return of the Native还乡;

The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;

Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;J

ude the Obscure无名的裘德

诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集           

史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲

 

Chapter 4  John Galworthy高尔斯华绥1867-1933     

From the Four Winds天涯海角

(The Man of Property有产业的人;

In Chancery骑虎难下;

To Let出租→The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家);

(The White Monkey白猿;

The Silver Spoon银匙;

Swan Song天鹅曲

→A Modern Comedy现代喜剧)

剧作：The Silver Box银匣;

Strife斗争

 

Chapter 5  the Irish dramatic movement

1 the Abbey Theatre and Lady Gregory

2 John Millington:

 A playwriter

The play boy of the Western World

Riders to the Sea

Sean O'Casey:

The Shadow of a Gunman

Juno and Paycock

The Plough and the Stars

 

Chapter 6  George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950

(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist

  ⑴ Plays

① Plays Unpleasant

<Mrs Warren’S Profession>华伦夫人的职业

<Widowers’  Houses>鳏夫的房产

② Plays Pleasant

<Arms And Man>武器与人

<The Man Of Destiny>左右命运的人

③Plays

<Man And Superman>人与超人

<Pygmalion>匹格玛利翁

<The Apple Cart>苹果车

<Saint Joan>圣女贞德

 

Chapter 7  Some poets of Early 20^th century

A group of war poets who wrote old-fashioned patriotism

Rupert brooke

John Masefield

Alfred Edward housman

 

Chapter 8  modernism in poetry

Imagism:

  An Anglo-American poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. An imagist is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. So the imagist poetry is a kind of shaking off the convwntional metres and emhasizing on the use of common speech, new rhythms and clear images.

William Butler Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939

（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist  movement 爱尔兰独立运动；

The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴；

The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）

⑴ collections

①  <The Wind Among The Reeds>  苇风

    <Responsibilities> 责任

②  <The Tower> 塔

    <The Winding Stair> 旋转的楼梯

⑵ Poems

<Easter 1916>复活节，1916

<The Second Coming> 第二次来临/再世

<Sailing To Byzantium> 到拜占庭航行

Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）

⑴ Poems

①  <The Waste Land>

②  <Four Quartets>四个四重奏

③  <The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock>

 ⑵ Plays

①  <Murder In The Cathedral> 大教堂谋杀案

 

Chapter 9 the psychological fiction

Modernist fiction emphasis on the description of the characters' psychological activities, so sometomes been called modern psychological fixtion.

Novelists

① James Joyce

② David Herbert Lawrence

③ Virgirnia Woolf

1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930

① <Sons And Lovers>儿子与情人(autobiographical)

【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is "a woman of character and refinement", a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons. She hopes that they will become outstanding

【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of the world around him. He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed. After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair.

 

Theme:

Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works. He believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel

Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of  D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

 

②<The Rainbow>虹

③<Women In Love>恋爱中的女人

④ <Lady Chatterley’s Lover>查特莱夫人的情人

James Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941

（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness

<Ulysses>尤利西斯(S_O_C)

<A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man>一个青年艺术家的肖像

<Finnegans Wake>芬尼根的苏醒

<Dubliners>都柏林人

Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941

（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousness

① Novels

<Mrs Dalloway>达洛维夫人

<To The Lighthouse>到灯塔去

<The Waves>浪

<The Lighthouse>

<Jacob’s Room> 雅各布的房间

<Orlando>  奥兰朵

<Between The Acts>幕间

 

Chapter 10  Robert Tressell: a working-class novelist

The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists

 

Chapter 11  Maexist literay criticism

Ralph Fox:

The Novel and the People:

1 It presents a distorted and falsified picture of life. It opposes the principles of hunmanism.

2 the book is inspired by a profound love for the traditions of materialism and realism in English literature.

3 it regards the history of English literature

Christopher Caudwell:

Illusion and Reality

Studies in a Dying Culture