Part three  the period of the English bourgeois revolution

Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration

1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise

2 the clashes between the king and parliament

3 the outburst of the English revolution:

4 the split with the revolution camp

5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration

6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:

  Also called the puritan revolution.

  Puritanism is the religious doctrine

7 literature of the revolution period

 

Chapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674

（诗人、政论家;失明后写 《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）

①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verse

  In the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.

  The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.

 <Paradise Regained>复乐园

②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:

  A poetical drama.

③ <Areopagitica>论出版自由 : as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.

<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.

④ <On His Blindness>我的失明   

This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.

Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.

Milton:

  1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17^th century

  2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse

  3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.

  4 he is a great stylist, grand style.

  5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.

 

Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688

（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的《神曲》、奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）

Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)

①Religionary  Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程

 

Chapter 4 metaphysical poets and Cavalier poets

Besides Milton and Bunyan, other poets and writers whose works express quite different ideas and sentiments. They are called metapysicals by Samuel Johnson

1 John Donne

the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).

Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）

Artistic features:

1.      conceits or imagery奇思妙喻

2.      syllogism三段论

    ① Meditations 沉思录

The Flea 虱子

② Songs And Sonnets

Holy Sonnets

③Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>

2 George Herbert

 The saint of the metaphysical school

Sing the glory of God

Altar

3 Andrew Marvell

A puritan

To his coy mistress

4 Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw:

Two religios poets

 

Capter 5 some prose-writers

Robert Burton:

Masterpiece: the Anatomy of Melancholy

Thomas Browme:

Religio Medici

Jeremy Taylor:

Holy Living

Holy Dying

Izaak Walton:

The Compleat Angker

 

Chapter 6 Restoration literature

1 restoration comedy:

  The restoration comedy is notorious for its licentiousness, being full of love intrigue, and seduction and promiscurity

Jhon Dryden

All For Love

Absalom and Achitophel

 

English literature of the Restoration period was modelled on the literature of France where classicism was then prevailing. According to classicism, drama and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules.

 

Part 4  the 18^th century

 A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy

The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15^th and 16^th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18^th century)

小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)

Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)

Chapter 1 the enlightenment and classicism in English literature

 1 the enlightenment and 18^th century England

  ①"Glorious Revolution"

    Industrial Revolution

  ②the enlightenment in Europe: an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism

  ③the English Enlighteners

2 classicism:

  The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings.

  But the basic difference between Dryden and the 18^th century enlighteners lies in the fact that the former wrote to please the declining aristocracy during the Restoration period while latter wrote for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.

 

Chapter 2  Addison and Steele

1 Steele and The Tatler

 Richard Steele:

  The Christian Hero（a pamphlet）

  The Tatler(a paper)

  The pectator(in conjunction with Addison)

  Theatre

2 Joseph Addison

 The Campaign(a poem)

 Cato (tragedy)

Sum up Addison's and Steele's contribution to the English literature:

 ①their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeosie

 ②they give a true picture of the social life of Engish in 18^th century

 ③in the hands of them, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.

 

Chapter 2 Alexander Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744

（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）

One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.

①<An Essay on Criticism>批评论a diactic poem

       Artistic features:

        1.Using “heroic couplets”

② <The Rape of the Lock>卷发遇劫记

③ <Moral Essays>道德论
<Essay on Man>人论

<The Dunciad>愚人记 poem

Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18^th century. Frequently writing in the form of heroic couplets

 

Chapter 4 Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。）
① <Gulliver’s Travels>格列佛游记(fictional work)

 Four parts:

 Lilliput  小人国            Brobdingnag  大人国

Flying Island  飞岛            Houyhnhnm  马岛

<A Modest Proposal>一个小小的建议

② <The Battle of Books>书战

③ <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事

④ <The Drapper’s Letters>一个麻布商的书信

His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony id deadly.

 

Chapter 5 Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731

（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

① <Robinson Crusoe>鲁宾逊漂流记

  It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.

Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

  It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.

 Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie.

② <Moll Flanders>

③ <Colonel Jacque>

④ <Captain singleton>

He was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.

 

Chapter 6 Samuel Richrardson

Pamela

Clarissa

 

Chapter 7  Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754

（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）

 He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

① novels:

<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>弃婴汤姆•琼斯

<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>约瑟夫•安德鲁

<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大诗人江奈生•威尔德

<Amelia>爱米利亚

② plays:

<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年历史记事

<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英国

He was a novelist, dramatist, essayist, political pamphleteer.

He develope his narrative in the fullest,freest, clearest and most straightforard manner, and also affords him opportunities of giving, at suitable places, personal explanations.

Satire abounds eberywhere in his works. Humorous satire and a kind of grim satire

He believed in the educational function of the novel.

He is a master of style. His style id easy, unlaboured and familiar,but extremely vivid and vigorous.

Sympathy for the working people, contempt for the parasites, the exploiters and the oppressors

 

Chapter 8 Smollett and Sterne

Tobias Smollett：

Roderick Random(a picaresque novel)

Pererine Pickle

Hunphry Clinker

 

Laurence Sterne

Tristram Shandy

A Sentimental Journey

 

Chapter 9  18^th century drama and Sheridan

The english drama of the 18^th doesn't reach the same high level as its novel. One reason: the Licensing Act of 1737

Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德•布林斯利•施莱登1751~1816

① <The Rivals>情敌

② <The School for Scandal>造谣学校

 

Chapter 9  Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784

Lexicographer, critic and poet

Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英语大词典

James Boswell:

Life of london(a classic of English biography)

 

Chapter 11          Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯1730~1774

① poems:

 <The Traveller>旅游人

 <The Deserted Village>荒村

Both written in heroic couplet,consisting of two iambic pentameter lines linked by rhyme.

② novel:

<The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲尔德牧师传

③comdies:

The Good Natured Man

She stoops to Conquer

④essay:

The Citizen of the World

 

Chapter 12  Edward Gibbon

Essay on the Study of literature

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

 

Chapter 13  sentimentalism and pre-romanticism in poetry

1 sentimentalism in English poetry

 The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed at the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development.

The appearance and development of sentimentalism poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite romanticism.

William Cowper:

The task

George Grabbe:

The village

2 pre- romanticism

 Thomas Percy:

Reliques of Ancient English poetry

James Macpherson:

The saddest and the most interesting figure of the pre-romantic movement.

The Rowley papers

 

Chapter 14         William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827

       ① <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌

               A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.

       ② <Songs of Experience>经验之歌

               A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.

       Include:  <The Chimney Sweeper>

       <London>

       <The Tyger>

         Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity

         Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence

       ③  <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂与地狱的婚姻

He identifies classicism with formalism

 

Chapter 15   Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796

    The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18^th century.

Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗

① <John Anderson, My Jo>约翰•安德生，我的爱人

② <A Red, Red Rose>一朵红红的玫瑰

③ <Auld Long Syne>往昔时光

④ <A Man’s a Man for A’That>不管那一套

⑤ <My Heart’s in the Highlands>我的心在那高原上

⑥ <Bruce At Bannockburn>

⑦ <The Tree Of Liberty>