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对应句子——隐藏在考研英语阅读命题中的密码

(2017-08-23 11:21:29)

也不知什么时候有了“对应句子”这个概念,它的出现应该跟英语考试、阅读题解析脱不了干系。若硬要给它来一个定义的话,我想,对应句子就是一个承载着命题人思想,并以实现英语知识考察为目的的句子。试卷的形成过程中,命题人首先针对文章中的英语知识点进行加工处理,然后在此基础上形成题干和选项信息以考察考生对知识点的掌握。

每一道阅读题,命题人都要设置1个题干和4个选项。4个选项中有且只能有1个正确选项,另外3个必须是错误项。错误项中有些是干扰项,有些是低级的、纯粹的错误项。考生普遍得分率高的题目就是那种选项中是“1+3错”搭配的题,对于那种“1个正确选项+3个干扰项”的题目,得分率就很不理想。说明一道题目的难易程度,取决于三个方面:词义把握、句意理解、干扰项的设置。其中第三个方面是决定性因素,前两者属于基础的范畴,与考生个人的付出成正比。第三个因素是掌握在命题人手中,与考生的付出无法构成简单的正比关系。所以,要想提高解题的正确率,或者说比别人多做对三五道题,关键在于对干扰项的排除。(这话扯得有点远,今天这篇文章的目的其实是想针对普通考生来讲对应句子的,因为在上一篇文章我已经强调,从2016年开始,命题人对应句子的把握有了较大的变化。)

稍微有点复习经验的考生都知道,阅读题的解答主要就是找对应句子,因为找对应句子是迈向解题成功的第一步。今天我就以题干和正确选项在原文中对应句子的特征比较一下前后几年两组命题人在对应句子的处理上的不同。

201423题:What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

  [A]A desire to secure a better life for all.

  [B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

  [C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.

[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

题干问“是什么促使大臣推行他的计划?”

对应句子只是一个句子:What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

在这个对应句子中同时存在与题干和正确选项对应的成分:

题干中promoted与原文motivated,明显的同义替换

正确选项D与原文的对应关系是:

A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer

同义替换关系一目了然:ensureprotectingpassionzealfairnessfundamental fairness

 

201433题:The discovery of the Higgs boson is typical case which involves

  [A]controversies over the recipients’ status.

  [B]the joint effort of modern researchers.

  [C]legitimate concerns over the new prize.

[D]the demonstration of research findings.

题干问“Higgs boson的发现是一个涉及什么的典型案例

对应句子只是一个句子:But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.

在这个对应句子中也同时存在与题干和正确选项对应的成分:

题干中出现了原文中完全一样的词组:The discovery of the Higgs boson

正确选项:the joint effort of modern researchers.与原文有同义替换:

选项中的the joint effort of与原文the collaborative nature of

 

总结:

1.      对应句子中往往同时包含“与题干、正确选项”的信息

2.      对应句子的关键词与题干或者正确选项存在“同义替换”关系

3.      对应句子往往只有一个,而且是长难句、复杂句

 

 

再看看近两年的对应句子特征

1201624A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for

  [A] setting a high age threshold for models

  [B] caring too much about models' character

  [C] showing little concern for health factors

  [D] pursuing perfect physical conditions

题干问“一个设计师很可能因为什么原因被CFW拒绝?

对应句子一:The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charter clearly states, we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.

对应句子二:The charter's main toll of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute.

其中,与题干对应的句子是第二句(题干对应句子在选项对应句子之后,这个比较少见)。对应关系:题干be rejected与原文is to deny access for是同义替换。与正确选项对应的句子是第一句,对应关系是:选项showing concern for与原文take responsibility for同义替换;health factors与原文body ideals同义替换。

 

2201727Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to
[A] its geographical features.
[B] its protective surroundings.
[C] its religious implications.
[D] its existing infrastructure.

题干问“Mauna Kea被视为理想的天文学场所是由于       

对应句子一But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.

对应句子二Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

其中,与题干对应的句子是第一句。对应关系:题干ideal astronomical site与原文is home to是同义转述,不是同义词的替换。与正确选项对应的句子是第二句。对应关系:选项geographical features与原文整个句子是同义转述,没有直接的同义词替换。

 

3201729It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy  
       [A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.
       [B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.
       [C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
       [D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.

对应句子:Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

这个对应句子找起来挺费力气的。其中题干对应的是这一句的前半部分,对应关系:题干astronomy与原文 explore the starry skies是同义替换,但是题干today这个表时间的词在这句中没有直接的对应词,仔细阅读能发现,一方面可能是通过原文这一段出现过的today对应(两个today之间隔了一个很长很长的句子),还有一种可能是通过这个对应句子的时态(一般现在时)来推定。与正确选项的对应关系:uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture与原文answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.是同义转述。

 

总结:

1.题干和正确选项在原文中的对应句子往往不是同一个句子;

2.对应关系的确立不仅仅依靠“同义替换”,也有可能是同义转述;

3.对应句子往往不只有一个,长难、复杂仍是对应句子的特征;

4.对应句子藏得比较深,对应关系比较隐晦,可能需要上下文多处的信息提示。

 

综上,两种不同命题风格的对应句子明显后者难度要高于前者,但也不难发现,万变不离其宗。只要有命题就可以反命题,只要是陷阱,就可以被挖出来。只要在研究真题和真题练习中多长个心眼即可。当然由于所举例子的原因,对应句子的特征无法穷尽,也可能不具代表性,如有不当之处,也请一并谅解。

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