01.News

‘Electronic Skin’ Developed to Recreate Sense of Touch

Singapore researchers say they have developed a form of "electronic skin" that can recreate a sense of touch.

The developers hope their invention will give people with prosthetic hands the ability to identify different objects.

A team from the National University of Singapore created the skin device, which measures 1 square centimeter. The system contains 100 small sensors that attempt to recreate things like texture, temperature and even pain.

The researchers call the device Asynchronous Coded Electronic Skin, or ACES. They say it can process information faster than the human nervous system.

Machine learning methods trained the device to recognize 20 to 30 different textures. It can even correctly read Braille letters 90 percent of the time, the developers say.

Research team leader Benjamin Tee told the Reuters news agency that the system does not require movement to work. "Humans need to slide to feel texture. But in this case the skin, with just a single touch, is able to detect textures of different roughness."

A demonstration showed that the device could identify the difference between a soft, squishy ball and a solid plastic one.

"When you lose your sense of touch, you essentially become numb... and prosthetic users face that problem," Tee said. "So by recreating an artificial version of the skin, for their prosthetic devices, they can hold a hand and feel the warmth and feel that it is soft... "

Tee said his idea for the device came partly from the movie Star Wars, when character Luke Skywalker loses his right hand and it is replaced with a robotic one. In the film, the new hand is able to experience touch sensations just like the real one.

The artificial skin technology is still going through experiments and development. But Tee said there had already been a lot of interest in the system, especially from the medical community.

Tee said similar inventions that his team has developed include see-through skin that can repair itself when torn and a material for wearable electronic devices that gives off light.

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02.Listening

Buying flowers

A: I need to buy some flowers for my wife.

B: Perhaps you'd be interested in red roses.

A: What would the roses cost me?

B: They're only $20 a dozen.

A: I like the sound of that.

B: Yes, that is today's sale price.

A: A dozen will be fine.

B: Is there anything else you'd like to get?

A: No, thank you.

B: These roses should make your wife very happy.

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03.Reading

Scientists Discover First Evidence of Deadly Cancer in Dinosaur

Canadian researchers say they have discovered the first known case of a dinosaur suffering from a deadly cancer.

The evidence came from a fossil leg bone discovered in Alberta, Canada in 1989. The fossil was from a dinosaur called Centrosaurus. It was a four-legged plant eating animal about 6 meters long that lived between 76 and 77 million years ago.

Examinations of the fossil showed the lower leg bone, called the fibula, was badly malformed. The scientists thought this was likely caused during the healing process of a broken leg.

But new studies of the fossil led researchers to believe the malformation was probably caused by an aggressive bone cancer called osteosarcoma. The research team included medical professionals who study and diagnose cancers in humans.

The findings were recently reported in the medical publication Lancet Oncology.

The publication describes osteosarcoma as a severe and deadly bone cancer "with a worldwide incidence of 3.4 cases per million people per year." The cancer often takes the form of a disorganized bone growth that generally strikes children or young adults. The cancer can spread through bones and to other organs.

The researchers said the latest examinations of the fossil showed the dinosaur leg bone contained "a massive...tumor."

They said they were able to confirm that the growth was a tumor by using computed tomography, or CT, images. CT technology uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed pictures of bones, organs and tissue inside the body.

The team compared a normal Centrosaurus fibula to the malformed one. They also compared the malformed dinosaur bone to a human fibula with a confirmed case of osteosarcoma. The comparisons led the researchers to confirm a likely case of osteosarcoma.

Experts say since most tumors form in soft tissue that does not easily fossilize, there is little evidence of cancer in the fossil record.

One of the project leaders was David Evans of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. He spoke to Reuters news agency about the finding. He said one of the strongest pieces of evidence was that the cancer was also found in the outer layer of bone. This does not support the theory that the malformed leg was caused by a healed break.

"This remarkable find shows that no matter how big or powerful some dinosaurs may seem, they were affected by many of the same diseases we see in humans and other animals today, including cancer," Evans said.

He added that the Centrosaurus linked to the fossil "was likely weak and lamed by the cancer" before its death. Cancer, however, may not have killed the dinosaur. Evans said the fossil was found in a large collection of Centrosaurus individuals. This suggests that they all died as a group after being caught in a flood.

Another lead researcher was Dr. Mark Crowther, a professor of medicine at McMaster University in Ontario. He said the new discovery was only made possible through the use of modern methods and an expert medical team representing several fields.

"Here, we show the unmistakable signature of advanced bone cancer in a 76-million-year-old horned dinosaur - the first of its kind. It's very exciting," Crowther said.

He added that the finding "speaks to the biology of cancer." This means cancer is not new and probably has been happening through time as "an expected complication in all animals."

Evans added that while dinosaurs might be seen as mythical creatures, "they were living, breathing animals that suffered through horrible injuries and diseases."

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Words in This Story

fossil – n. the mineralized remains of plants or animals that lived a long time ago

malformed – adj. not having the expected shape because of some problem affecting growth or development

tumor – n. a mass of tissue in the body that is made up of cells that are not normal

lame – adj. unable to walk normally

signature – n. a sign that confirms something's identity

horn – n. a hardened growth on the head of some animals such as cattle, goats and sheep

complication – n. a health problem that arises in addition to an existing one

mythical – adj. imaginary, something told about in stories but that is not real