代词it的用法

 

二. 教学重点：

（一）

it的用法主要体现在以下几个方面：作为人称代词的it，先行代词的it，非人称代词的it以及强调句中的it和it的一些习惯用法。

1. it指代事物、群体、经验、活动等。可以代替一个词、词组或整个句子，以免重复。

That wasn’t where you had dinner，was it？

If you remember these points，it will help you.

When can we come to visit you？Any time you feel like it.

I love running. It keeps me fit.

it也可指代婴孩或性别不详的人。

Do you hear a baby crying？Something must have hurt it.

Who is making so much noise？It must be the children.

Somebody is knocking at the door. I don’t know who it is.

Who is it? 未见具体人，不同于Who is that ？见到具体某人，但不相识。

2. it用作非人称代词的主语，表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等或虚指的情境。

It’s Sunday tomorrow.

It’s five miles to the nearest station from here.

It was dull when Tom was away.

It seems that no one would like to help you.

Had it not been for my illness last week，I would have gone with them.

3. it常用作先行代词

代指不定式，可用作形式主语或形式宾语，以it作形式主语或形式宾语的动词有believe，consider，feel，find，imagine，make，regard，suppose，think等。

It is difficult to learn written Chinese.

It is of great help to master a foreign language.

It took me a week to recite the text.

I find it quite necessary to make some changes.

He thought it best to be on his guard.

代指动名词，可作形式主语或形式宾语，常用在下列句型中

It is no good（no use，useless）＋动名词

It is a waste＋动名词 

代指名词性从句，该结构中的名词性从句可用that，when，who等引导。

It happened that they were away.

She wants to make it clear whether you still love her or not.

It is not known what caused the accident.

Has it been found out who is the murderer？

It is believed／known／reported／said／supposed／thought that an egg is the equivalent of one pound of meat. 可转换为An egg is believed／known／reported／said／supposed／thought to be the equivalent of one pound of meat.

另外类似take it one’s duty to do something的结构中，think，find，prove，show，deem，believe，consider，count，feel，imagine，make，regard，suppose，take等词后有不定式作宾语，且有补足语时，必须用形式宾语it代替不定式，若补足语为动名词或从句，也要用it作形式宾语。

I think it my duty to help her.（＝It is thought my duty. . .）

I found it very easy to learn the rules.（＝It was found very easy. . .）

We shall leave it to him to settle the matter.（＝It is left to him to. . . ，

4. 用于强调句型中It is（was）＋被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）＋that（who）…。it无任何指代关系，也无实义。

It was John who（that）wore his best suit to the dance last night.

It was in Shanghai that I first met Jack.

It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to downtown yesterday. 

 

（二）

研究一下近年来的高考试卷可以发现，含 it 的句型几乎年年考到。可见 it 句型的重要性和使用的普遍性。现根据其用法特点可归纳为下列几个句型。

1. It is＋被强调部分＋that …　

    该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that 之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that 可以由 who 换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。

  It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

  It was they that（who）cleaned the classroom yesterday.

  It was in the street that I met her father.

2. It is not until＋被强调部分＋that …

    该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强调时间状语，译成汉语 “直到……才……”，可以说是 not … until … 的强调形式。

  It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.

＝Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.

＝I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.

3. It is clear（obvious, true, possible, certain…）that …    

该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的主语从句，常译为 “ 清楚（显然，真的，肯定……）”是主语从句最常见的一种结构。

It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. 　　

＝That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.

4. It is important（necessary, right, strange, natural…）that …

    该句型和上一个同属一种句型。由于主句中的形容词不同，that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形），should 可以省去。建议记住该句型中的形容词。

  It is important that we（should）learn English well. 　　

  It is necessary that he（should）remember these words.

5. It is said（reported, learned…）that …     

该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是 that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为“ 据说（据报道，据悉……）”。

  It is said that he has come to Beijing. 　　

  It is reported that another man-made satellite has been put into orbit.

6. It is suggested（ordered, required …）that …

    该句型和上一个同属一种句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形），should 可以省。常译为“ 据建议；有命令……”。

  It is suggested that the meeting（should）be put off. 　

  It was ordered that we（should）arrive there in two hours.

7. It is a pity（a shame …）that …

    该句型中，that 后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形），should 可省去. 表示出乎意料，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。

  It is a pity that such a thing（should）happen in your class.

  这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ 　

  It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！

8. It is time（about time , high time）that …

    该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是① 常用过去时态表示虚拟. ② 有时也用should＋动词原形，should 不能省。常译为“是（正是）……的时候……”。

  It is time that children should go to bed. 　　

＝It is time that children went to bed.

9. It is the first（second …）time that …  

该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that 可以省去；it 有时用 this 替换，常译为“是第一（二）……次……”。

  It is the first time I have been here.

＝This is the first time I have been here.

10. It is … since …

    该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时或完成时，since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。

  It is（has been）5 years since his father died.

11. It is … when …

    该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当……的时候，是……”。

  It was 5 o’clock when he came here.

12. It be … before …

    该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态. 主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“……之后……”。

  It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.

  It will be not long before he finishes his job.

13. It happens（seems, looks, appears）that…

    该句型中it是形式主语，that 引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen, seem 等词是不及物动词。

  It happened（so happened）that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧…… 　

  It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来……

14. It takes sb. … to do sth.

    该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为“做……要花费某人……”。

  It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.

15. It is no good（use）doing sth.

该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是no good ,（not any good）, no use ,（not any use）。 　　

  It is no good learning English without speaking English.

16. It doesn’t matter whether（if）…

    该句型中whether（if）引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译为“不论（是否）……没关系……。　　　

  It doesn’t matter if they are old.

17. It is kind（of sb.）to do sth.

    该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of 引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有: bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, good, honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice , polite, rude, silly, stupid, wise, wrong 等。这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth. 　

  It is kind of you to say so. ＝You are kind to say so.

18. It is necessary（for sb.）to do sth.

    该句型与上一个同属一种句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for 引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：

  ① important, necessary, natural

  ② easy, safe, common, normal, hard, difficult, dangerous, unusual, rare, impossible, pleasant 等。

    在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，如： 　　

    It is important for her to come to the party.

  ＝It is important that she（should）come to the party.

19. It looks（seems）as if…

    该句型中it 无意义。 as if  引导一个状语从句。常译为，“看起来好像……”如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气.

  It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）　

  It looks as if he were ill.（没有生病）

  It seemed as if he were dying.

20. We think it important to learn a foreign language.

    该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为：

 

（三）6123结构 

6 指主句中常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel ；

1 指的是形式宾语it ； 　

2 指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词 ；

3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that 引导的宾语从句。 　

We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. 　

He felt it important learning English well. 　

They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.

 

【模拟试题】

1. ---What would you like for afternoon tea?

  ---___will do.

A. Something        B. Everything         C. Anything         D. Nothing

2. Either John or Rose was the last to leave the lab yesterday, but I’m not sure___.

A. it                      B. whom                C. who               D. that

3. Is there ___here? If not, don’t stay here alone.

A. anyone              B. somebody          C. anyone else     D. everybody

4. ---Who told you the news?

---_____. I read it from the newspaper.

A. No one             B. None                  C. Anyone           D. Any one

5. I want to see the manager___, not his secretary.

A. by himself         B. himself              C. by myself       D. itself

6. ---How many chairs do you still need?

  ---Ten____.

A. more                B. another              C. other              D. the other

7. Take ___half and give ___half to your sister.

A. neither; either      B. either; another     C. either; the other     D. any; the other

8. Correct the mistakes in each line if___.

A. so                    B. no                     C. any                D. some

9. ---Have you read all the books?

---Yes, ___one.

A. some                B. every                 C. all                   D. either

10. ____, the weather turned out to be very hot that day.

A. It was said in the newspaper     

B. As was reported on the radio 

C. Just like the weather report said  

D. Which was reported in the newspaper

11. There was a teapot shaped like a China duck, out of ____mouth the tea was supposed to come.

A. which               B. that                   C. its                  D. whose

12. ---When will the decision be made to deal with the matter?

---Nothing is going to happen ___I have looked into it further.

A. no matter          B. when                 C. until               D. since

13. You can use my bike ___you return it  before 5 pm.

A. unless               B. when                 C. as far as         D. on condition that

14. It was a matter of _____would take the position.

A. who                 B. whoever            C. whom            D. whomever

15. We must finish the project in time, ____difficulties we may meet.

A. however            B. whatever            C. whichever       D. no matter how

16. ___, he can’t cure his father of his heart disease.

A. A doctor as he is                             B. Doctor though he is

C. Although he is doctor                       D. Because he is a doctor

17. They stayed with me for three weeks, ____they drank all the wine I had.

A. and during which                             B. which time 

C. during which time                            D. during whose time

18. Do you doubt ___she can do the work as her own? 

A. whether            B. if                       C. which             D. that

19. I told ___to run as fast as ___could.

A. them; one         B. everyone; they     C. everyone; one       D. us; they

20. ---Did a letter come for me?

---Yes, ___came for you this morning.

A. that                  B. it                       C. one                D. the letter

21. ___Mr. Chen will manage it all right.

A. In the way or the other                     B. In one way or other

  C. In one way or another                     D. In some way or another

22. ___League members must be strict with ourselves.

A. Our                  B. All                     C. We                 D. The

23. Your answer is ___but perfect.

A. something         B. anything            C. some              D. any

24. ---There is coffee and tea; you can have___.

  ---Thanks. 

A. either                B. each                 C. one                D. it

25. Why is it ___everyone thinks he’s a thief? 

A. because            B. as                      C. when              D. that

26. ____was not long before the whole country rose up.

A. There               B. It                      C. This               D. That

27. I’d like to have a room of___.

A. my own     B. my owns  C. my own one  D. myself

28. Her parents went there with a friend of_____.

A. them                B. theirs                 C. they               D. themselves

29. Where did you buy ___pen of____? 

A. a; you              B. this; you            C. a; yours          D. this ; yours

30. The dictionary is not mine. It belongs to___.

A. he                    B. him                    C. his                 D. himself

31. Frank is not quite ____today.

A. him                  B. his                     C. himself           D. he

32. Aperson who talks to ____is not necessary mad.

A. oneself             B. herself               C. yourself          D. himself

33. You should make ________understood when speaking.

A. others               B. yourself             C. us                  D. your

34. The police hid ___behind the building.

A. himself             B. themselves          C. herself            D. themself

35. Victory will not come of____.

A. itself                 B. it                       C. oneself           D. its

36. Few pleasures can equal ____of a cool drink on a hot day.

A. some               B. any                    C. that                D. those

37. It was not ___she took off her dark glasses ___I realized she was a famous film star.

A. when; that        B. until; that           C. until; when      D. when; then

38. It was about 600 years ago ____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

A. that                 B. until                 C. before           D. when

39. I hate ____when people talk with their mouths full.

A. it                      B. that                   C. these              D. them

【试题答案】

1-5 CCCAB    6-10 ACCBB  11-15 DCDAB  16-20 BCDBC 

21-25 CCBAD  26-30 BABDB   31-35 CDBBA  36-39 CBA A